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Modern runestones (as imitations or forgeries of Viking Age runestones) began to be produced in the 19th century Viking Revival. The Scandinavian Runic-text Data Base ( Samnordisk runtextdatabas ) is a project involving the creation and maintenance of a database of runestones in the Rundata database.
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There are four, or maybe five, runestones that talk of the same battle, [2] and only the Ingvar Runestones consist of a greater number of stones that refer to a common event. [3] The personal name Ásbjôrn from the inscription means "Divine Bear" [4] and has a name element related to the Æsir, the principle gods of Norse mythology.
Below follows a presentation of the runestones based on the Rundata project. The transcriptions into Old Norse are in the Swedish and Danish dialect to facilitate comparison with the inscriptions, while the English translation provided by Rundata gives the names in the de facto standard dialect (the Icelandic and Norwegian dialect):
The reference to bridge-building in the runic text is fairly common in 11th-century runestones, including runic inscriptions U 489 and U 617. [11] Some are Christian references related to passing the bridge into the afterlife, but the building of roads and bridges was also sponsored by the Catholic Church through the sale of indulgences ...
Other surviving runestones or inscriptions depicting Thor's hammer include runestones U 1161 in Altuna, Sö 86 in Åby, Sö 111 in Stenkvista, Vg 113 in Bjärby, Öl 1 in Karlevi, DR 48 in Skjern, DR 120 in Spentrup, and DR 331 in Gårdstånga. [2] [3] The depiction of the hammers on DR 26 are very similar to the hammer on DR 48. [3]
It also appears on one of the Manx Runestones, Kirk Michael MM 130. The runic text states that the stone is a memorial by three sons to their father Vigisl, who is described as being the husband of Ärnfrids. By referring to her in this manner, the text is probably indicating that she was also deceased when the stone was raised. [2]
The Vaksala Runestone is one of the approximately forty runestones made by the successful runemaster Öpir, who signed this inscription and was active in the late eleventh and early twelfth century in Uppland. The inscription is classified as being in runestone style Pr4, [1] which is also known as the Urnes style. This runestone style is ...