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Structure of an octahedral metal aquo complex. Chromium(II) ion in aqueous solution. Most aquo complexes are mono-nuclear, with the general formula [M(H 2 O) 6] n+, with n = 2 or 3; they have an octahedral structure. The water molecules function as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the metal ion and forming a dative covalent bond ...
A number of heavy metals, such as cadmium and lead, are toxic to various forms of life, particularly when dissolved in water as metal ions. [1] Toxic heavy metals are often present in surface water as a result of natural processes, such as the weathering of metal-containing rocks, or due to human activity, such as mining and smelting. [2]
An overarching aspect of mechanistic transition metal chemistry is the kinetic lability of the complex illustrated by the exchange of free and bound water in the prototypical complexes [M(H 2 O) 6] n+: [M(H 2 O) 6] n+ + 6 H 2 O* → [M(H 2 O*) 6] n+ + 6 H 2 O where H 2 O* denotes isotopically enriched water, e.g., H 2 17 O
Diagram depicting the sources and cycles of acid rain precipitation. Freshwater acidification occurs when acidic inputs enter a body of fresh water through the weathering of rocks, invasion of acidifying gas (e.g. carbon dioxide), or by the reduction of acid anions, like sulfate and nitrate within a lake, pond, or reservoir. [1]
In organofluorine chemistry, many perfluorinated compounds are prepared by electrochemical synthesis, which is conducted in liquid HF at voltages near 5–6 V using Ni anodes. The method was invented in the 1930s. [26] Amines, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and sulfonic acids are converted to perfluorinated derivatives using this technology.
The method has been extended to other metals, e.g. [Ru(C 6 Me 6) 2] 2+. In this reaction, the AlCl 3 serves to remove chloride from the metal precursor, and the Al metal functions as the reductant. [1] The Fischer-Hafner synthesis is limited to arenes lacking sensitive functional groups. Structure of Mo(η 6-C 6 H 3 Me 3)(CO) 3.
Being high spin d 5 electronic configuration iron(III) chlorides are labile, meaning that its Cl- and H 2 O ligands exchange rapidly with free chloride and water. [9] [19] In contrast to their kinetic lability, iron(III) chlorides are thermodynamically robust, as reflected by the vigorous methods applied to their synthesis, as described above.
A metal ion in aqueous solution or aqua ion is a cation, dissolved in water, of chemical formula [M(H 2 O) n] z+. The solvation number , n , determined by a variety of experimental methods is 4 for Li + and Be 2+ and 6 for most elements in periods 3 and 4 of the periodic table .