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  2. Van 't Hoff equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_'t_Hoff_equation

    where ln denotes the natural logarithm, is the thermodynamic equilibrium constant, and R is the ideal gas constant.This equation is exact at any one temperature and all pressures, derived from the requirement that the Gibbs free energy of reaction be stationary in a state of chemical equilibrium.

  3. Equilibrium constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_constant

    This equation can be used to calculate the value of log K at a temperature, T 2, knowing the value at temperature T 1. The van 't Hoff equation also shows that, for an exothermic reaction ( Δ H < 0 {\displaystyle \Delta H<0} ), when temperature increases K decreases and when temperature decreases K increases, in accordance with Le Chatelier's ...

  4. Determination of equilibrium constants - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determination_of...

    log 10 β values between about 2 and 11 can be measured directly by potentiometric titration using a glass electrode. This enormous range of stability constant values (ca. 100 to 10 11) is possible because of the logarithmic response of the electrode. The limitations arise because the Nernst equation breaks down at very low or very high pH.

  5. Free-energy relationship - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-energy_relationship

    Free energy relationships establish the extent at which bond formation and breakage happen in the transition state of a reaction, and in combination with kinetic isotope experiments a reaction mechanism can be determined. Free energy relationships are often used to calculate equilibrium constants since they are experimentally difficult to ...

  6. Extent of reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extent_of_reaction

    In physical chemistry and chemical engineering, extent of reaction is a quantity that measures the extent to which the reaction has proceeded. Often, it refers specifically to the value of the extent of reaction when equilibrium has been reached. It is usually denoted by the Greek letter ξ.

  7. Fugacity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugacity

    The fugacity of a condensed phase (liquid or solid) is defined the same way as for a gas: = ⁡ and = It is difficult to measure fugacity in a condensed phase directly; but if the condensed phase is saturated (in equilibrium with the vapor phase), the chemical potentials of the two phases are equal (μ c = μ g).

  8. Binding constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_constant

    An often considered quantity is the dissociation constant K d ≡ ⁠ 1 / K a ⁠, which has the unit of concentration, despite the fact that strictly speaking, all association constants are unitless values. The inclusion of units arises from the simplification that such constants are calculated solely from concentrations, which is not the case.

  9. Ebullioscopic constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebullioscopic_constant

    A formula to compute the ebullioscopic constant is: [2] = R is the ideal gas constant. M is the molar mass of the solvent. T b is boiling point of the pure solvent in kelvin. ΔH vap is the molar enthalpy of vaporization of the solvent.