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The first pharyngeal arch, also mandibular arch (corresponding to the first branchial arch of fish), is the first of six pharyngeal arches that develops during the fourth week of development. [10] It is located between the stomodeum and the first pharyngeal groove .
The first and second arches disappear early. A remnant of the 1st arch forms part of the maxillary artery, [3] a branch of the external carotid artery. The ventral end of the second develops into the ascending pharyngeal artery, and its dorsal end gives origin to the stapedial artery, [3] a vessel which typically atrophies in humans [4] [5] but persists in some mammals.
I-IV pharyngeal arches, 1–4 pharyngeal pouches (inside) and/or pharyngeal grooves (outside) a Tuberculum laterale b Tuberculum impar c Foramen cecum d Ductus thyreoglossus e Sinus cervicalis. The pharyngeal apparatus is an embryological structure. [1] [2] It consists of: pharyngeal grooves (from ectoderm) pharyngeal arches (from mesoderm ...
In humans, the ultimopharyngeal body is an embryological structure, and is a derivative of the ventral recess of the fourth pharyngeal pouch. [1] [2] It is technically from the fifth pharyngeal pouch, but this is rudimentary and merges with the fourth. [2] It develops into the parafollicular cells of the thyroid. [2]
The epithelium of the larynx is of endodermal origin, but the laryngeal cartilages, unlike the rest of the respiratory bud connective tissue, come from the mesenchyme of the fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches. The fourth pharyngeal arch, adjacent to what will be the root of the tongue, will become the epiglottis.
Parafollicular cells are derived from pharyngeal endoderm. [2] [3] Embryologically, they associate with the ultimopharyngeal body, which is a ventral derivative of the fourth (or fifth) pharyngeal pouch. Parafollicular cells were previously believed to be derived from the neural crest based on a series of experiments in quail-chick chimeras.
Derivatives include: superior parathyroid glands and ultimobranchial body which forms the parafollicular C-Cells of the thyroid gland. Musculature and cartilage of larynx (along with the sixth pharyngeal arch). Nerve supplying these derivatives is Superior laryngeal nerve.
Cells found in the fourth aortic arch differentiates to form the distal aortic arch and right subclavian artery, whilst cells in the sixth aortic arch develops into the pulmonary arteries. Cardiac neural crest cells express Hox genes that supports the development of arteries 3, 4 and 6 and the simultaneous regression of arteries 1 and 2.