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Soman is an organophosphorus nerve agent with a mechanism of action similar to tabun. Nerve agents inhibit acetylcholine esterase (AChE) by forming an adduct with the enzyme via a serine residue on that enzyme. These adducts may be decomposed hydrolytically or, for example, by the action of some oximes and thereby regenerate the enzyme.
Tabun (military designation GA) is an extremely toxic compound of the organophosphate family. [1] [2] It is not present in nature.At room temperature, the pure compound is a clear and viscous liquid.
A blister agent (or vesicant), is a chemical compound that causes severe skin, eye and mucosal pain and irritation.They are named for their ability to cause severe chemical burns, resulting in painful water blisters on the bodies of those affected.
The toxicity did not escape military notice and some of the more toxic materials had been sent to Porton Down for evaluation. After the evaluation was complete, several members of this class of compounds became a new group of nerve agents, the V agents (depending on the source, the V stands for Victory, Venomous, or Viscous).
Common examples of neurotoxins include lead, [7] ethanol (drinking alcohol), [8] glutamate, [9] nitric oxide, [10] botulinum toxin (e.g. Botox), [11] tetanus toxin, [12] and tetrodotoxin. [6] Some substances such as nitric oxide and glutamate are in fact essential for proper function of the body and only exert neurotoxic effects at excessive ...
Increasing the dose of galantamine from 5 to 8 mg/kg decreased the dose of atropine needed to protect experimental animals from the toxicity of soman in dosages 1.5 times the LD50 (lethal dose in half the animals studied). [38] There have been differing claims about the persistence of Novichok and binary precursors in the environment.
In the treatment of organophosphate toxicity, cholinesterase reactivators such as Pralidoxime reactivate inhibited AChE at peripheral nicotinic receptors.Since AChE mediates effects on both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, cholinesterase reactivators are co-administered with muscarinic antagonists, primarily atropine.
The need for development of more advanced statistical methods, and uniformity in using these methods by regulators has been made apparent in literature. [ 8 ] Scientific methods for determining acute and chronic toxicity to organisms are inherently imperfect and non-uniform throughout the field of research, and the most useful tool for decision ...