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At the Siege of Yorktown in 1781, Baron Closen, a German officer in the French Royal Deux-Ponts Regiment, estimated about one-quarter of the American army to be Black men. [18] Another famous Black patriot was Jack Peterson of Westchester whose quick thinking helped repel British forces in Croton, New York. [19]
The term "critical period" thus implicitly accepts the Federalist critique of the Articles of Confederation. Other historians have used an alternative term, the "Confederation Period", to describe U.S. history between 1781 and 1789. [127] Historians such as Forrest McDonald have argued that the 1780s were a time of economic and political chaos.
The Dunning School of white scholars generally cast Black people as pawns of white Carpetbaggers during this period, but W. E. B. Du Bois, a Black historian, and Ulrich B. Phillips, a white historian, studied the African-American experience in depth. Du Bois' study of Reconstruction provided a more objective context for evaluating its ...
Malcolm X’s life story has been adapted into TV series, movies and even an opera, but the best place to start is probably with “The Autobiography of Malcolm X.” It was released just months ...
The history of the United States from 1776 to 1789 was marked by the nation's transition from the American Revolutionary War to the establishment of a novel constitutional order. As a result of the American Revolution , the thirteen British colonies emerged as a newly independent nation, the United States of America , between 1776 and 1789.
April 23 – Black Panther Marshall "Eddie" Conway arrested in Baltimore, MD. May 27 – The film Watermelon Man is released, directed by Melvin Van Peebles and starring Godfrey Cambridge. The film is a comedy about a bigoted white man who wakes up one morning to discover that his skin pigment has changed to black.
Shirley Chisholm became a household name after becoming the first Black woman to be elected to the United States Congress in 1968. A native of Brooklyn, New York, Chisholm served seven terms in ...
A new government under the Constitution is formed on March 4, 1789; George Washington becomes the 1st president of the United States on April 30, 1789; The State of North Carolina becomes the 12th state to ratify the Constitution, November 21, 1789