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Preoperative fasting is the practice of a surgical patient abstaining from eating or drinking ("nothing by mouth") for some time before having an operation.This is intended to prevent stomach contents from getting into the windpipe and lungs (known as a pulmonary aspiration) while the patient is under general anesthesia. [1]
Clear liquid fasting includes water, juices without pulp, carbonated beverages, clear tea, and black coffee. [4] Ingestion of water 2 hours prior to a procedure results in smaller gastric volumes and higher gastric pH when compared with those who ingested > 4 hours prior. The volume of liquid is less important than the type of liquid ingested. [4]
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Even one or two drinks, including beer, may reduce milk intake by 20 to 23%, leading to increased agitation and poor sleep patterns. Regular heavy drinking (more than two drinks daily) can shorten breastfeeding duration and cause issues in infants, such as excessive sedation, fluid retention, and hormonal imbalances.
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However, consistently drinking more than four units a day (for men) and three units (women) is not advisable. [88] Previously (from 1992 until 1995), the advice was that men should drink no more than 21 units per week, and women no more than 14. [89] (The difference between the sexes was due to the typically lower weight and water-to-body-mass ...
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