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A formula for computing the trigonometric identities for the one-third angle exists, but it requires finding the zeroes of the cubic equation 4x 3 − 3x + d = 0, where is the value of the cosine function at the one-third angle and d is the known value of the cosine function at the full angle.
Hence an angle of 1.2 radians would be written today as 1.2 rad; archaic notations include 1.2 r, 1.2 rad, 1.2 c, or 1.2 R. In mathematical writing, the symbol "rad" is often omitted. When quantifying an angle in the absence of any symbol, radians are assumed, and when degrees are meant, the degree sign ° is used.
This unit is obsolete and no longer clearly defined. One roentgen deposits 0.877 rad in dry air, 0.96 rad in soft tissue, [9] or anywhere from 1 to more than 4 rad in bone depending on the beam energy. [10] These conversions to absorbed energy all depend on the ionizing energy of a standard medium, which is ambiguous in the latest NIST definition.
The leaf angle distribution (or LAD) of a plant canopy refers to the mathematical description of the angular orientation of the leaves in the vegetation.Specifically, if each leaf is conceptually represented by a small flat plate, its orientation can be described with the zenith and the azimuth angles of the surface normal to that plate.
Least absolute deviations (LAD), also known as least absolute errors (LAE), least absolute residuals (LAR), or least absolute values (LAV), is a statistical optimality criterion and a statistical optimization technique based on minimizing the sum of absolute deviations (also sum of absolute residuals or sum of absolute errors) or the L 1 norm of such values.
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The radical of any integer is the largest square-free divisor of and so also described as the square-free kernel of . [2] There is no known polynomial-time algorithm for computing the square-free part of an integer. [3]
The inverse second or reciprocal second (s −1), also called per second, is a unit defined as the multiplicative inverse of the second (a unit of time). It is applicable for physical quantities of dimension reciprocal time , such as frequency and strain rate .