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  2. Philosophy of suicide - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_suicide

    Common philosophical opinion of suicide since modernization reflected a spread in cultural beliefs of western societies that suicide is immoral and unethical. [2] One popular argument is that many of the reasons for committing suicide—such as depression, emotional pain, or economic hardship—are transitory and can be ameliorated by therapy and through making changes to some aspects of one's ...

  3. Deaths of philosophers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths_of_philosophers

    1860 – Arthur Schopenhauer died of pulmonary-respiratory failure; 1862 - Henry David Thoreau died of tuberculosis at the 44 years of age. [7] 1864 – Ferdinand Lassalle died in a duel. 1866 – William Whewell was thrown from his horse and sustained fatal injuries. 1876 – Philipp Mainländer hanged himself in his residence in Offenbach

  4. On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Fourfold_Root_of...

    In 1847 Schopenhauer rewrote and enlarged the work, publishing a new edition. This is the version of the work that is read today. "There the lines of thought are firmly pursued, linking up with his main work; there a challenge is issued to philosophical tradition, and there is no curb on attacks against the philosophical spirit of the age." [3]

  5. Philosophical pessimism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism

    For Arthur Schopenhauer, every action (eating, sleeping, breathing, etc.) was a struggle against death, although one which always ends with death's triumph over the individual. [63]: 338 Since other animals also fear death, the fear of death is not rational, but more akin to an instinct or a drive, which he called the will to life. In the end ...

  6. The World as Will and Representation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and...

    In the English language, this work is known under three different titles. Although English publications about Schopenhauer played a role in the recognition of his fame as a philosopher in later life (1851 until his death in 1860) [4] and a three volume translation by R. B. Haldane and J. Kemp, titled The World as Will and Idea, appeared already in 1883–1886, [5] the first English translation ...

  7. History of philosophical pessimism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_philosophical...

    Arthur Schopenhauer considered the world to be the product of an irrational and insatiable metaphysical force which he called Will. The first presentation of philosophical pessimism in a systematic manner, with an entire structure of metaphysics underlying it, was introduced by German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer in the 19th century.

  8. Parerga and Paralipomena - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parerga_and_Paralipomena

    The Essays of Arthur Schopenhauer; Religion, a Dialogue, Etc. contains selections from Parerga and Paralipomena "Iconoclasm in German Philosophy" in The Westminster Review, Volume 59, 1853 (see p. 388) Pararerga und Paralipomena – Link to the book at archive.org (German fraktur) Schopenhauer Α. Sämtliche Werke. In 5 Bde.

  9. Death drive - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_drive

    From a philosophical perspective, the death drive may be viewed in relation to the work of the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. His philosophy, expounded in The World as Will and Representation (1818) postulates that all exists by a metaphysical "will" (more clearly, a will to live [32]), and that pleasure affirms this will.