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Lead citrate is a compound of lead and citrate that is primarily used as an enhancer for heavy metal staining in electron microscopy. [2] This salt binds to osmium and uranyl acetate and enhances contrast in many cellular structures. Lead citrate is highly reactive with carbon dioxide.
Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also extends the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes
Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) is a salt of composition Na 6 [(PO 3) 6]. [3] Sodium hexametaphosphate of commerce is typically a mixture of metaphosphates (empirical formula: NaPO 3), of which the hexamer is one, and is usually the compound referred to by this name.
Salting out (also known as salt-induced precipitation, salt fractionation, anti-solvent crystallization, precipitation crystallization, or drowning out) [1] is a purification technique that utilizes the reduced solubility of certain molecules in a solution of very high ionic strength.
Like water softeners, dealkalizers contain ion-exchange resins that are regenerated with a concentrated salt solution - NaCl. In the case of a water softener, the cation exchange resin is exchanging sodium (the Na + ion of NaCl) for hardness minerals such as calcium and magnesium .
Tarnished lead (left) and shiny lead (right) Compounds of lead exist with lead in two main oxidation states: +2 and +4. The former is more common. Inorganic lead(IV) compounds are typically strong oxidants or exist only in highly acidic solutions. [1] Red α-PbO and yellow β-PbO The mixed valence oxide Pb 3 O 4 Black PbO 2 which is a strong ...
It gave rise to derivative products, which have diverged from the original composition. Today, Calgon water softener contains the active ingredient sodium citrate, [2] and the now discontinued powder used zeolite and polycarboxylate, all of which are less problematic in wastewater treatment than phosphates.
The solubility in water depends on the type of salt. Sodium chloride can be dissolved in cold water to a concentration of 357 g∙l −1. Not only solubility differs between salts but also the conductivity. When performing a Bresle method test, not only sodium chloride is dissolved but also all other salts present on the surface.