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The single-principle obligation received mixed reaction among Indonesian Muslims. While major Muslim organisations Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) endorsed the single-principle basis, independent Muslim activists rejected the obligation.
Ketuhanan yang Berkebudayaan: A Divinity that upholds religious freedom (A formulation that can be seen as allowing both monotheism or polytheism, thereby allowing space for all of Indonesia's major religions). In his speech, Sukarno rejected the Panca Dharma as a name, saying that "dharma" meant 'obligation', but that he was proposing principles.
The need of Pancasila preservation become intensified after the 30 September Movement, after Suharto concluded that Pancasila was no longer practiced by Indonesian population, thus "Communism/Marxism-Leninism" (sic, official state terminology) was raised as contender and challenged the state ideology. [7]
The Liberal Democracy period in Indonesia (Indonesian: Demokrasi Liberal), also known as the Era of Parliamentary Democracy, was a period in Indonesian political history, when the country was under a liberal democratic system.
Sakoku (鎖国 / 鎖國, "chained country") is the most common name for the isolationist foreign policy of the Japanese Tokugawa shogunate under which, during the Edo period (from 1603 to 1868), relations and trade between Japan and other countries were severely limited, and almost all foreign nationals were banned from entering Japan, while common Japanese people were kept from leaving the ...
Sarekat Islam or Syarikat Islam (lit. 'Islamic Association' [1] or 'Islamic Union'; [2] SI) was an Indonesian socio-political organization founded at the beginning of the 20th century during the Dutch colonial era.
During his life in Vienna between 1907 and 1913, Hitler was exposed to racist rhetoric. [8] Populists such as mayor Karl Lueger exploited the city's prevalent anti-Semitic sentiment, blamed Jews "for simply anything and everything", [9] [c] and also espoused German nationalist notions for political benefit.
An economic ideology is a set of views forming the basis of an ideology on how the economy should run. It differentiates itself from economic theory in being normative rather than just explanatory in its approach, whereas the aim of economic theories is to create accurate explanatory models to describe how an economy currently functions.