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Nubian war captives waiting to be sold at a slave market in ancient Egypt. Slavery in northern Africa dates back to ancient Egypt. The New Kingdom (1558–1080 BC) brought large numbers of slaves as prisoners of war up the Nile valley and used them for domestic and supervised labour. [25]
Research into early Iron Age civilizations in Sub-Saharan Africa has been undertaken concurrently with studies on African linguistics on Bantu expansion. The Urewe culture may correspond to the Eastern subfamily of Bantu languages, spoken by the descendants of the first wave of Bantu peoples to settle East Africa.
New workers (often the so-called "Anguru" migrants from Mozambique) were encouraged to move onto estates and grow their own crops, but were required to pay rent. In the early years, this was usually satisfied by two months' labour annually, under the system known as thangata. Later, many owners required a longer period of labour to pay the "rent."
The terms African civilizations, also classical African civilizations, or African empires are terms that generally refer to the various pre-colonial African kingdoms.The civilizations usually include Egypt, Carthage, Axum, [1] Numidia, and Nubia, [1] but may also be extended to the prehistoric Land of Punt and others: Kingdom of Dagbon, the Empire of Ashanti, Kingdom of Kongo, Empire of Mali ...
Forced labor in Sub-Saharan Africa [16] is estimated at 660,000. [17] This includes people involved in the illegal diamond mines of Sierra Leone and Liberia, which is also a direct result of the civil wars in these regions. [18] In 2017, the International Labour Office estimated that 7 in every 1,000 people in Africa are victims of slavery. [19]
There have been many civilizations in Zimbabwe as is shown by the ancient stone structures at Khami, Great Zimbabwe, and Dhlo-Dhlo.The first major civilization to become established as the Mwene Mutapa (or Monomotapas), who was said to have built Great Zimbabwe, in the ruins of which was found the soapstone bird that features on the Zimbabwean flag.
The slave trade in this portion of Africa was primarily Arab in nature (in contrast to the European or Atlantic Slave Trade, which took place primarily in West Africa, the Arab slave trade was located on the eastern coast of the continent), with captured persons being shipped off to the Middle East or to holdings of Arabian kingdoms for labor.
Metalworking in West Africa has been dated as early as 2,500 BC at Egaro west of the Termit in Niger, and iron working was practiced there by 1,500 BC. [70] Iron smelting has been dated to 2,000 BC in southeast Nigeria. [71] Central Africa provides possible evidence of iron working as early as the 3rd millennium BC. [72]