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  2. Abacus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus

    An abacus (pl. abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a hand-operated calculating tool which was used from ancient times in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, until the adoption of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. [1] An abacus consists of a two-dimensional array of slidable beads (or similar objects). In their ...

  3. Positional notation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positional_notation

    For example, the time might be 10:25:59 (10 hours 25 minutes 59 seconds). Angles use similar notation. For example, an angle might be 10° ‍ 25′ ‍ 59″ (10 degrees 25 minutes 59 seconds). In both cases, only minutes and seconds use sexagesimal notation—angular degrees can be larger than 59 (one rotation around a circle is 360°, two ...

  4. History of ancient numeral systems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_numeral...

    However, there is currently no diagnostic technique that can reliably determine the social purpose or use of prehistoric linear marks inscribed on surfaces, and contemporary ethnographic examples show that similar artifacts are made and used for non-numerical purposes. [11]

  5. Soroban - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soroban

    A suanpan (top) and a soroban (bottom). The two abaci seen here are of standard size and have thirteen rods each. Another variant of soroban. The soroban is composed of an odd number of columns or rods, each having beads: one separate bead having a value of five, called go-dama (五玉, ごだま, "five-bead") and four beads each having a value of one, called ichi-dama (一玉, いちだま ...

  6. Babylonian cuneiform numerals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_cuneiform_numerals

    These digits were used to represent larger numbers in the base 60 (sexagesimal) positional system. For example, 𒁹𒁹 𒌋𒌋𒁹𒁹𒁹 𒁹𒁹𒁹 would represent 2×60 2 +23×60+3 = 8583. A space was left to indicate a place without value, similar to the modern-day zero. Babylonians later devised a sign to represent this empty place.

  7. Number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number

    The first known system with place value was the ... base 5 "finger" abacus ... and add one to the string of 9s to the left of the decimal place. For example, 99.999 ...

  8. Counting rods - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counting_rods

    The value of a number depends on its physical position on the counting board. A 9 at the rightmost position on the board stands for 9. Moving the batch of rods representing 9 to the left one position (i.e., to the tens place) gives 9[] or 90. Shifting left again to the third position (to the hundreds place) gives 9[][] or 900.

  9. Timeline of numerals and arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_numerals_and...

    1202 — Leonardo Fibonacci demonstrates the utility of Hindu–Arabic numeral system in his Book of the Abacus. c. 1400 — Ghiyath al-Kashi “contributed to the development of decimal fractions not only for approximating algebraic numbers, but also for real numbers such as pi. His contribution to decimal fractions is so major that for many ...

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