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  2. Homeomorphism (graph theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeomorphism_(graph_theory)

    In general, a subdivision of a graph G (sometimes known as an expansion [2]) is a graph resulting from the subdivision of edges in G. The subdivision of some edge e with endpoints {u,v } yields a graph containing one new vertex w, and with an edge set replacing e by two new edges, {u,w } and {w,v }. For directed edges, this operation shall ...

  3. Graph theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory

    In an undirected simple graph of order n, the maximum degree of each vertex is n − 1 and the maximum size of the graph is ⁠ n(n − 1) / 2 ⁠. The edges of an undirected simple graph permitting loops induce a symmetric homogeneous relation on the vertices of that is called the adjacency relation of .

  4. Shannon multigraph - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_multigraph

    In the mathematical discipline of graph theory, Shannon multigraphs, named after Claude Shannon by Vizing (1965), are a special type of triangle graphs, which are used in the field of edge coloring in particular. A Shannon multigraph is multigraph with 3 vertices for which either of the following conditions holds:

  5. Polygon triangulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_triangulation

    A useful graph that is often associated with a triangulation of a polygon P is the dual graph. Given a triangulation T P of P , one defines the graph G ( T P ) as the graph whose vertex set are the triangles of T P , two vertices (triangles) being adjacent if and only if they share a diagonal.

  6. Graph (discrete mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)

    A graph with three vertices and three edges. A graph (sometimes called an undirected graph to distinguish it from a directed graph, or a simple graph to distinguish it from a multigraph) [4] [5] is a pair G = (V, E), where V is a set whose elements are called vertices (singular: vertex), and E is a set of unordered pairs {,} of vertices, whose elements are called edges (sometimes links or lines).

  7. Signed graph - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_graph

    In the area of graph theory in mathematics, a signed graph is a graph in which each edge has a positive or negative sign. A signed graph is balanced if the product of edge signs around every cycle is positive. The name "signed graph" and the notion of balance appeared first in a mathematical paper of Frank Harary in 1953. [1]

  8. Bipartite graph - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartite_graph

    A hypergraph is a combinatorial structure that, like an undirected graph, has vertices and edges, but in which the edges may be arbitrary sets of vertices rather than having to have exactly two endpoints. A bipartite graph (,,) may be used to model a hypergraph in which U is the set of vertices of the hypergraph, V is the set of hyperedges, and ...

  9. Triangle-free graph - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle-free_graph

    The Grötzsch graph is a triangle-free graph that cannot be colored with fewer than four colors. Much research about triangle-free graphs has focused on graph coloring. Every bipartite graph (that is, every 2-colorable graph) is triangle-free, and Grötzsch's theorem states that every triangle-free planar graph may be 3-colored. [8]

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