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For example, a carboxylate may be methylated on oxygen to give a methyl ester; an alkoxide salt RO − may be likewise methylated to give an ether, ROCH 3; or a ketone enolate may be methylated on carbon to produce a new ketone. The Purdie methylation is a specific for the methylation at oxygen of carbohydrates using iodomethane and silver ...
The Koch reaction is an organic reaction for the synthesis of tertiary carboxylic acids from alcohols or alkenes and carbon monoxide.Some commonly industrially produced Koch acids include pivalic acid, 2,2-dimethylbutyric acid and 2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid. [1]
The C=O distance is 1.18 Å, the C−Cl distance is 1.74 Å and the Cl−C−Cl angle is 111.8°. [10] Phosgene is a carbon oxohalide and it can be considered one of the simplest acyl chlorides, being formally derived from carbonic acid.
Barbier reactions are nucleophilic addition reactions that involve relatively inexpensive, water insensitive metals (e.g zinc powder) or metal compounds. For this reason, it is possible in many cases to run the reaction in water, making the procedure part of green chemistry.
In this reaction the carbonyl group is an aldehyde or a ketone. The catalyst is usually a weakly basic amine. The active hydrogen component has the forms: [3] Z−CH 2 −Z or Z−CHR−Z for instance diethyl malonate, Meldrum's acid, ethyl acetoacetate or malonic acid, or cyanoacetic acid. [1] Z−CHRR', for instance nitromethane.
Triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate is the organic oxonium compound with the formula [(CH 3 CH 2) 3 O] + [BF 4] −. It is often called Meerwein's reagent or Meerwein's salt after its discoverer Hans Meerwein. [2] [3] Also well known and commercially available is the related trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate. The compounds are white solids that ...
First, carboxylic acid 1 attacks thionyl chloride, and chloride ion leaves. The resulting oxonium ion 2 is activated towards nucleophilic attack and has a good leaving group, setting it apart from a normal carboxylic acid. In the next step, 2 is attacked by chloride ion to give tetrahedral intermediate 3, a chlorosulfite.
In even a slight presence of water, carbonic acid dehydrates to carbon dioxide and water, which then catalyzes further decomposition. [6] For this reason, carbon dioxide can be considered the carbonic acid anhydride. The hydration equilibrium constant at 25 °C is [H 2 CO 3]/[CO 2] ≈ 1.7×10 −3 in pure water [12] and ≈ 1.2×10 −3 in ...