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Glass disease, also referred to as sick glass or glass illness, is a degradation process of glass that can result in weeping, crizzling, spalling, cracking and fragmentation. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Glass disease is caused by an inherent instability in the chemical composition of the original glass formula. [ 3 ]
Hexadecane (also called cetane) is an alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C 16 H 34. Hexadecane consists of a chain of 16 carbon atoms , with three hydrogen atoms bonded to the two end carbon atoms, and two hydrogens bonded to each of the 14 other carbon atoms.
In petrochemistry, petroleum geology and organic chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or long-chain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking of carbon–carbon bonds in the precursors.
In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin (a historical trivial name that also has other meanings), is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon. In other words, an alkane consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carbon–carbon bonds are single. [1] Alkanes have the general chemical formula C n H 2n+2.
The first principle is used in laminated glass where two sheets of glass are separated by an interlayer of polyvinyl butyral. The polyvinyl butyral, as a viscoelastic polymer, absorbs the growing crack. The second method is used in toughened glass and pre-stressed concrete. A demonstration of glass toughening is provided by Prince Rupert's Drop.
Related to this is catalytic dehydrogenation, where an alkane loses hydrogen at high temperatures to produce a corresponding alkene. [1] This is the reverse of the catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes. Dehydrogenation of butane to give butadiene and isomers of butene. This process is also known as reforming.
The most common commercial glass types contain both alkali and alkaline earth ions (usually sodium and calcium), for easier processing and satisfying corrosion resistance. [20] Corrosion resistance of glass can be increased by dealkalization, removal of the alkali ions from the glass surface [21] by reaction with sulphur or fluorine compounds. [22]
The heaviest alkanes in petroleum and natural gas are cracked into lighter molecules which are dehydrogenated at high temperature: C 2 H 6 → C 2 H 2 + 2 H 2 2 CH 4 → C 2 H 2 + 3 H 2. This last reaction is implemented in the process of anaerobic decomposition of methane by microwave plasma. [21] [non-primary source needed]