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The central role of DNA damage and epigenetic defects in DNA repair genes in carcinogenesis. DNA damage is considered to be the primary cause of cancer. [17] More than 60,000 new naturally-occurring instances of DNA damage arise, on average, per human cell, per day, due to endogenous cellular processes (see article DNA damage (naturally occurring)).
Illustration of how a normal cell is converted to a cancer cell, when an oncogene becomes activated.. A direct oncogenic viral mechanism [11] involves either insertion of additional viral oncogenic genes into the host cell or to enhance already existing oncogenic genes (proto-oncogenes) in the genome.
From proto-oncogene to oncogene. The proto-oncogene can become an oncogene by a relatively small modification of its original function. There are three basic methods of activation: A mutation within a proto-oncogene, or within a regulatory region (for example the promoter region), can cause a change in the protein structure, causing
The oncogene identified was derived from a cellular genome, so KRAS, when found in a cellular genome, is called a proto-oncogene. The K-Ras protein is a GTPase , a class of enzymes which convert the nucleotide guanosine triphosphate (GTP) into guanosine diphosphate (GDP) .
Species or genera Possibly associated cancers Ref Bacteroides fragilis: Colon cancer. [1] Borrelia burgdorferi: MALT lymphoma. [2] Campylobacter jejuni. Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (IPSID), which is rare a type of MALT lymphoma. [2] Chlamydia pneumonia: Lung MALT lymphoma. [2] Chlamydia trachomatis Cervical cancer. [2]
Bacteria involved in causing and treating cancers. Cancer bacteria are bacteria infectious organisms that are known or suspected to cause cancer. [1] While cancer-associated bacteria have long been considered to be opportunistic (i.e., infecting healthy tissues after cancer has already established itself), there is some evidence that bacteria may be directly carcinogenic.
Carcinogenic parasites are parasitic organisms that depend on other organisms (called hosts) for their survival, and cause cancer in such hosts.Three species of flukes are medically-proven carcinogenic parasites, namely the urinary blood fluke (Schistosoma haematobium), the Southeast Asian liver fluke (Opisthorchis viverrini) and the Chinese liver fluke (Clonorchis sinensis).
BRAF is a human gene that encodes a protein called B-Raf. The gene is also referred to as proto-oncogene B-Raf and v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B, while the protein is more formally known as serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf. [5] [6] The B-Raf protein is involved in sending signals inside cells which are involved in directing ...