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Lithotomy from Greek for "lithos" and "tomos" (), is a surgical method for removal of calculi, stones formed inside certain organs, such as the urinary tract (kidney stones), bladder (bladder stones), and gallbladder (), that cannot exit naturally through the urinary system or biliary tract.
In the United States, about 9% of the population has had a kidney stone. [2] The total cost for treating urolithiasis was US$2 billion in 2003. [59] About 65–80% of those with kidney stones are men; most stones in women are due to either metabolic defects (such as cystinuria) or infections in the case of struvite stones.
Human gallstones, all removed from one patient. Grid scale 1 mm. Calculi in the inner ear are called otoliths; Calculi in the urinary system are called urinary calculi and include kidney stones (also called renal calculi or nephroliths) and bladder stones (also called vesical calculi or cystoliths).
Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis) are a relatively common and particularly painful disorder. A chronic condition can result in scars to the kidneys. The removal of kidney stones involves ultrasound treatment to break up the stones into smaller pieces, which are then passed through the urinary tract. One common symptom of kidney stones is a sharp ...
Lithotripsy replaced using lithotrites as the most common treatment beginning in the mid 1980s. In extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), external shockwaves are focused at the stone to pulverize it. [6] Ureteroscopic methods use a rigid or flexible scope to reach the stone and direct mechanical or light energy at it. Endoscopy can use ...
Holmium laser lithotripsy had superior initial success and re-treatment rate compared to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in a 2013 trial. [6] The experimental thulium fiber laser (TFL) is being studied as a potential alternative to the holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser for the treatment of kidney stones. The TFL has several potential ...
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Struvite kidney stones are also known as triple phosphate stones (calcium magnesium ammonium phosphate), owing to the presence of carbonate apatite that precipitates to accompany struvite at high pH. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Struvite and carbonate apatite precipitate in alkaline urine , forming kidney stones.