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Ilm al-kalam [a] or ilm al-lahut, [b] often shortened to kalam, is the scholastic, speculative, or rational study of Islamic theology . [2] It can also be defined as the science that studies the fundamental doctrines of Islamic faith ( usul al-din ), proving their validity, or refuting doubts regarding them. [ 3 ]
To him, the basic principles, the objectives, and the method of kalam were generally present in the Qur'an and traditions. Al-Ash'ari emphasized that Qur'an and Hadith never neglect the role of reason and allow speculative thinking (nazar) and rational inference to be implemented. [ 10 ] [
Aqidah comes from the Semitic root ʿ-q-d, which means "to tie; knot". [6] (" Aqidah" used not only as an expression of a school of Islamic theology or belief system, but as another word for "theology" in Islam, as in: "Theology (Aqidah) covers all beliefs and belief systems of Muslims, including sectarian differences and points of contention".) [7]
A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief (Arabic: الإرشاد إلى قواطع الأدلة في أصول الاعتقاد, romanized: Al-Irshad ila Qawati' al-Adilla fi Usul al-I'tiqad), commonly known simply as Al-Irshad ("The Guide"), is a major classic of Islamic theology.
Their madhhab is established by Ibn Nusayr, and their aqidah is developed by Al-Khaṣībī. They follow Cillī aqidah of "Maymūn ibn Abu’l-Qāsim Sulaiman ibn Ahmad ibn at-Tabarānī fiqh" of the ‘Alawis. [92] [95] One million three hundred and fifty thousand of them lived in Syria and Lebanon in 1970. It is estimated they are 10–12% of ...
With his father's instruction, he also studied and mastered the various traditional Islamic sciences of Aqidah, Tafsir, Hadith, Seerah, Fiqh, Usul, Mustalah, Nahw, etc. Scholars of Mecca, as well as Medina, all of whom granted him full Ijazah to teach these sciences to others.
Al-'Aqa'id al-Nasafiyya (Arabic: العقائد النسفية) or 'Aqa'id al-Nasafi (Arabic: عقائد النسفي) is his most celebrated work in Kalam, which alongside Al-Fiqh Al-Akbar (Arabic: الفقه الأکبر) of Abu Hanifa and Al-'Aqeedah al-Tahawiyya (Arabic: العقيدة الطحاوية) of Abu Ja'far al-Tahawi is one of the three seminal works in Sunni Islamic creed.
The movement emphasizes personal devotion and adherence to sharia and fiqh, following the four Islamic schools of thought, the usage of Ilm al-Kalam and Sufi practices such as veneration of and seeking help from saints among other things associated with Sufism.