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The commonly used epinephrine autoinjector delivers a 0.3 mg epinephrine injection (0.3 mL, 1:1000). [citation needed] It is indicated in the emergency treatment of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis to stings, contrast agents, medicines, or people with a history of anaphylactic reactions to known triggers.
An epinephrine autoinjector (or adrenaline autoinjector, also known by the trademark EpiPen) is a medical device for injecting a measured dose or doses of epinephrine (adrenaline) by means of autoinjector technology. It is most often used for the treatment of anaphylaxis. The first epinephrine autoinjector was brought to market in 1983.
The primary treatment of anaphylaxis is epinephrine injection into a muscle, intravenous fluids, then placing the person "in a reclining position with feet elevated to help restore normal blood flow". [1] [9] Additional doses of epinephrine may be required. [1] Other measures, such as antihistamines and steroids, are complementary. [1]
A study in children weighing more than 66 pounds found comparable epinephrine levels to those in adults. The drug had been expected to be approved last year, but that was delayed as the FDA sought ...
However, about 4-12 hours after antigen exposure, a cough and wheezing may persist in the patient, along with swelling and redness of the skin. This is known as the late-phase hypersensitivity reaction which can last from approximately 1-3 days and is caused by the release of additional mediators from the mast cells and basophils.
Bradyarrythmias with signs of shock can be treated with epinephrine and atropine in order to increase heart rate. If medications aren't helping, providers can consider cardiac pacing. epinephrine: 0.01 mg/kg every 3–5 minutes; atropine: 0.02 mg/kg, can repeat one time, max dose 0.5 mg, min dose of 0.1 mg [2] [4]
Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone and medication [10] [11] which is involved in regulating visceral functions (e.g., respiration). [ 10 ] [ 12 ] It appears as a white microcrystalline granule. [ 13 ]
The rate of systemic absorption of bupivacaine and other local anesthetics is dependent upon the dose and concentration of drug administered, the route of administration, the vascularity of the administration site, and the presence or absence of epinephrine in the preparation. [29] Onset of action (route and dose-dependent): 1–17 min