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Diesel exhaust fluid (DEF; also known as AUS 32 and sometimes marketed as AdBlue [3]) is a liquid used to reduce the amount of air pollution created by a diesel engine. Specifically, DEF is an aqueous urea solution made with 32.5% urea and 67.5% deionized water .
Fluidized bed gasification with FT-pilot in Güssing, Burgenland, Austria.Operated by SGCE and Velocys Sasol plant in Secunda. The Fischer–Tropsch process (FT) is a collection of chemical reactions that converts a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, known as syngas, into liquid hydrocarbons.
The Fischer–Tropsch process is used to produce synfuels from gasified biomass. Carbonaceous material is gasified and the gas is processed to make purified syngas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen). The Fischer–Tropsch polymerizes syngas into diesel-range hydrocarbons.
Mixing of liquids occurs frequently in process engineering. The nature of liquids to blend determines the equipment used. Single-phase blending tends to involve low-shear, high-flow mixers to cause liquid engulfment, while multi-phase mixing generally requires the use of high-shear, low-flow mixers to create droplets of one liquid in laminar, turbulent or transitional flow regimes, depending ...
In this process, a mixture of coal and a recycled solvent is heated in the presence of an iron-based catalyst and H 2. The reaction takes place in a tubular reactor at a temperature between 430 °C (810 °F) and 465 °C (870 °F) at a pressure of 150-200 bar. The produced oil has low quality and requires intensive upgrading. [36]
As early as the 1920s, the concept of using hot water and alkali catalysts to produce oil out of biomass was proposed. [6] In 1939, U.S. patent 2,177,557, [7] described a two-stage process in which a mixture of water, wood chips, and calcium hydroxide is heated in the first stage at temperatures in a range of 220 to 360 °C (428 to 680 °F), with the pressure "higher than that of saturated ...
Note that diesel is a mixture of different molecules. As carbon has a molar mass of 12 g/mol and hydrogen (atomic!) has a molar mass of about 1 g/mol, so the fraction by weight of carbon in diesel is roughly 12/14. The reaction of diesel combustion is given by: 2 C n H 2n + 3n O 2 ⇌ 2n CO 2 + 2n H 2 O
This graph assumes that all biodiesel is used in its country of origin. It also assumes that the diesel is produced from pre-existing croplands rather than by changing land use [137] A general critique against biodiesel is the land use change, which have potential to cause even more emissions than what would be caused by using fossil fuels ...