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Alex Salmond becomes the First Minister of Scotland, the first nationalist politician to serve as first minister. [3] 2011: The Scottish National Party under Alex Salmond gain an overall majority of the Scottish Parliament. 2013: The Church of Scotland's ruling General Assembly votes to allow actively gay men and women to become ministers. 2014 ...
Glaciers then scoured their way across most of Britain, and only after the ice retreated did Scotland again become habitable, around 9600 BC. [8] Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherer encampments formed the first known settlements, and archaeologists have dated an encampment near Biggar to around 12000 BC.
Geographically, Scotland is divided between the Highlands and Islands and the Lowlands. The Highlands had a relatively short growing season, which was even shorter during the Little Ice Age. Scotland's population at the start of the Black Death was about 1 million; by the end of the plague, it was only half a million. It expanded in the first ...
The same source mentions the first recorded naval battle around the British Isles in 719 and eight naval expeditions between 568 and 733. [70] The only vessels to survive from this period are dugout canoes, but images from the period suggest that there may have been skin boats (similar to the Irish currach) and larger oared vessels. [71]
Political centres in Scotland in the early Middle Ages. The Kingdom of Alba (Latin: Scotia; Scottish Gaelic: Alba) was the Kingdom of Scotland between the deaths of Donald II in 900 and of Alexander III in 1286. The latter's death led indirectly to an invasion of Scotland by Edward I of England in 1296 and the First War of Scottish Independence.
The archaeological sites and events listed are the earliest examples or among the most notable of their type. No traces have yet been found of either a Neanderthal presence or of Homo sapiens during the Pleistocene interglacials, the first indications of humans in Scotland occurring only after the ice retreated in the 11th millennium BC.
Scotland grew from its base in the eastern Lowlands, to approximately its modern borders. The varied and dramatic geography of the land provided a protection against invasion, but limited central control. It also defined the largely pastoral economy, with the first burghs being created from the twelfth century.
Edinburgh, Scotland's capital city, is the 13th-largest financial centre in the world and 4th largest in Europe in 2020 [7] RMS Queen Elizabeth on the slipway at Clydebank, circa 1938. Oil and gas extraction in the North Sea of the coast of northeast Scotland