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Treatment consists primarily of immunosuppressive drugs (e.g., hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids). A second-line drug is methotrexate in its low-dose schedule. [18] [19] In 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first new drug for lupus in more than 50 years to be used in the US, belimumab. [20]
Because of early recognition and management of SLE with immunosuppressive drugs or corticosteroids, [35] end-stage renal failure occurs in less than 5% [36] [37] of cases; except in the black population, where the risk is many times higher. The histological hallmark of SLE is membranous glomerulonephritis with "wire loop" abnormalities. [38]
Lupus nephritis: Kidneys: Anti-dsDNA, Anti-Sm, Anti-nuclear antibodies Confirmed Up to 60% of those with Lupus [49] Interstitial nephritis: Kidneys: Various autoantibodies Probable Varies widely, often drug-induced [50] Interstitial cystitis: Bladder: Anti-urothelial and anti-nuclear antibodies Probable 100-450 per 100,000 women, less common in ...
Voclosporin, sold under the brand name Lupkynis, is a calcineurin inhibitor used as an immunosuppressant medication for the treatment of lupus nephritis. [2] [4] It is an analog of ciclosporin that has enhanced action against calcineurin and greater metabolic stability. [5]
When used as drugs, the International Nonproprietary Names (INNs) end in -mab. The remaining syllables of the INNs, as well as the column Source, are explained in Nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies. Types of monoclonal antibodies with other structures than naturally occurring antibodies.
Anifrolumab, sold under the brand name Saphnelo, is a monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. [5] [7] It binds to the type I interferon receptor, blocking the activity of type I interferons such as interferon-α and interferon-β.
Mycophenolic acid is an immunosuppressant medication used to prevent rejection following organ transplantation and to treat autoimmune conditions such as Crohn's disease and lupus. [13] [14] Specifically it is used following kidney, heart, and liver transplantation. [14] It can be given by mouth or by injection into a vein. [14]
Azathioprine, sold under the brand name Imuran, among others, is an immunosuppressive medication. [5] It is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, and in kidney transplants to prevent rejection.