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In convective heat transfer, the Churchill–Bernstein equation is used to estimate the surface averaged Nusselt number for a cylinder in cross flow at various velocities. [1] The need for the equation arises from the inability to solve the Navier–Stokes equations in the turbulent flow regime, even for a Newtonian fluid .
While the imploding cylinder equations are fundamentally similar to the general equation for asymmetrical sandwiches, the geometry involved (volume and area within the explosive's hollow shell, and expanding shell of detonation product gases pushing inwards and out) is more complicated, as the equations demonstrate.
Regular polygons; Description Figure Second moment of area Comment A filled regular (equiliteral) triangle with a side length of a = = [6] The result is valid for both a horizontal and a vertical axis through the centroid, and therefore is also valid for an axis with arbitrary direction that passes through the origin.
The above formula is for the xy plane passing through the center of mass, which coincides with the geometric center of the cylinder. If the xy plane is at the base of the cylinder, i.e. offset by d = h 2 , {\displaystyle d={\frac {h}{2}},} then by the parallel axis theorem the following formula applies:
Since mass is a scalar quantity, the mass flow rate (the time derivative of mass) is also a scalar quantity. The change in mass is the amount that flows after crossing the boundary for some time duration, not the initial amount of mass at the boundary minus the final amount at the boundary, since the change in mass flowing through the area ...
In fluid dynamics the Morison equation is a semi-empirical equation for the inline force on a body in oscillatory flow. It is sometimes called the MOJS equation after all four authors—Morison, O'Brien , Johnson and Schaaf—of the 1950 paper in which the equation was introduced. [ 1 ]
They gave those formulas in two forms: in the basic and using standardized variables. If one assumes that N asperities covers a rough surface, then the expected number of contacts is = The expected total area of contact can be calculated from the formula
The dimensionless added mass coefficient is the added mass divided by the displaced fluid mass – i.e. divided by the fluid density times the volume of the body. In general, the added mass is a second-order tensor , relating the fluid acceleration vector to the resulting force vector on the body.