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  2. Efflorescence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efflorescence

    Primary efflorescence is named such, as it typically occurs during the initial cure of a cementitious product. It often occurs on masonry construction, particularly brick, as well as some firestop mortars, when water moving through a wall or other structure, or water being driven out as a result of the heat of hydration as cement stone is being formed, brings salts to the surface that are not ...

  3. Slate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate

    Slate tiles are often used for interior and exterior flooring, [27] stairs, [28] walkways [29] and wall cladding. [30] Tiles are installed and set on mortar and grouted along the edges. Chemical sealants are often used on tiles to improve durability and appearance, [ 31 ] increase stain resistance, [ 27 ] reduce efflorescence , and increase or ...

  4. Byne's disease - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byne's_disease

    An affected gastropod shell (a juvenile Agathistoma) from a museum collection. Byne's disease, more accurately known as Bynesian decay, is a peculiar and permanently damaging condition resulting from an ongoing chemical reaction which often attacks mollusk shells and other calcareous specimens that are in storage or on display for long periods of time.

  5. Conservation and restoration of frescos - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and...

    Antibiotics such as amoxicillin can be used to treat strains of bacteria living in a fresco's natural pigment which can turn them into powder. [9] Another method of fresco repair is the application of a protection and support bandage of cotton gauze and polyvinyl alcohol. Difficult sections are removed with soft brushes and localized vacuuming.

  6. Sulfate attack in concrete and mortar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate_attack_in_concrete...

    2 c 3 a + c 3 a·3cŜ·h 32 → 3 c 3 a·3cŜ·h 12 tricalcium aluminate + ettringite → mono-sulfate aluminates (AFm) When it reacts with concrete, it causes the slab to expand, lifting, distorting and cracking as well as exerting a pressure onto the surrounding walls which can cause movements significantly weakening the structure.

  7. Minetest - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minetest

    As players explore the world, new areas are procedurally generated, using a map seed specified by the player. A new game puts the player in the center of a voxel cube 62 thousand nodes across, so the player can travel 31 thousand nodes in any direction (sideways, up, or down) [ 13 ] before reaching the invisible wall at the end of the world.

  8. Concrete degradation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_degradation

    3) and water to also form gypsum while releasing CO 2 back to the atmosphere: H 2 SO 4 + CaCO 3 + H 2 O → CaSO 4 · 2H 2 O + CO 2. The dihydrated gypsum is relatively soluble in water (~ 1 – 2 g/L) at room temperature and thus mobile. It can easily be leached by infiltration water and can form efflorescences on the concrete surface while ...

  9. Interstitial condensation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_condensation

    Interstitial condensation is a type of condensation that may occur within an enclosed wall, roof or floor cavity structure, which can create dampening. When moisture-laden air at dew point temperature penetrates inside a cavity of the structure, it condenses into liquid water on that surface. The moisture laden air can penetrate into hidden ...