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The early history of British expansion in India was characterised by the co-existence of two approaches towards the existing princely states. [7] The first was a policy of annexation, where the British sought to forcibly absorb the Indian princely states into the provinces which constituted their Empire in India.
However, by 1948 almost all had acceded to either India or Pakistan. [9] One major exception was Hyderabad, where Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII , a Muslim ruler who presided over a largely Hindu population, chose independence and hoped to maintain this with the help of Razakars and entered into a standstill agreement with India on 29 November ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 28 December 2024. 1948 military invasion of Hyderabad State by the Dominion of India Operation Polo The State of Hyderabad in 1909 (excluding Berar) Date 13–18 September 1948 (5 days) Location Hyderabad State, (parts of South and Western India) 17°00′N 78°50′E / 17.000°N 78.833°E ...
The Hyderabad massacres [8] were the mass killings and massacre of Hyderabadi Muslims that took place simultaneously with the Indian annexation of Hyderabad (Operation Polo). [citation needed] The killings were perpetrated by local Hindu fanatic militias, and by the Indian Army.
The princely state of Hyderabad was annexed by India in September 1948 through a military operation code-named Operation Polo, which was dubbed a "police action". [3] [4] [5]At the time of partition of India in 1947, the princely states of India, who in principle had self-government within their territories, were subject to subsidiary alliances with the British, which gave control of external ...
British India and the princely states were together referred to as the "Indian Empire", commonly called "India". The Government of India Act 1935 introduced the concept of the Instrument of Accession, wherein a ruler of a princely state could accede his kingdom into the 'Federation of India'. The federation concept was initially opposed by the ...
The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled or Decorated, of the Indian Empire, by Sir Roper Lethbridge. Adamant Media Corporation, 2001. ISBN 1-4021-9328-9. True Tales of British India & the Princely States: & The Princely States, by Michael Wise ...
According to the doctrine, any Indian princely state under the suzerainty of the East India Company, the dominant imperial power in the Indian system of subsidiary alliances, would have its princely status abolished, and therefore be annexed into directly ruled British India, if the ruler was either "manifestly incompetent or died without a male heir". [1]