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INSERT INTO phone_book (name, number) VALUES ('John Doe', '555-1212'); Shorthand may also be used, taking advantage of the order of the columns when the table was created. It is not required to specify all columns in the table since any other columns will take their default value or remain null :
Reserved words in SQL and related products In SQL:2023 [3] In IBM Db2 13 [4] In Mimer SQL 11.0 [5] In MySQL 8.0 [6] In Oracle Database 23c [7] In PostgreSQL 16 [1] In Microsoft SQL Server 2022 [2]
In a SQL database, a record is typically called a "row". The introduction of granular (subset) locks creates the possibility for a situation called deadlock. Deadlock is possible when incremental locking (locking one entity, then locking one or more additional entities) is used. To illustrate, if two bank customers asked two clerks to obtain ...
Optimistic concurrency control (OCC), also known as optimistic locking, is a non-locking concurrency control method applied to transactional systems such as relational database management systems and software transactional memory. OCC assumes that multiple transactions can frequently complete without interfering with each other.
Isolation is typically enforced at the database level. However, various client-side systems can also be used. It can be controlled in application frameworks or runtime containers such as J2EE Entity Beans [2] On older systems, it may be implemented systemically (by the application developers), for example through the use of temporary tables.
In databases and transaction processing, two-phase locking (2PL) is a pessimistic concurrency control method that guarantees conflict-serializability. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is also the name of the resulting set of database transaction schedules (histories).
Changes in a database (by insert, delete, or modify operations), may require indexes to be updated to maintain accurate user data accesses. [1] Index locking is a technique used to maintain index integrity. A portion of an index is locked during a database transaction when this portion is being accessed by the transaction as a result of attempt ...
The null lock (NL) is compatible with everything. To lock a node in S (or X), MGL has the transaction lock on all of its ancestors with IS (or IX), so if a transaction locks a node in S (or X), no other transaction can access its ancestors in X (or S and X). This protocol is shown in the following table: