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Pressure-Volume loops showing end-systolic pressure volume relationship. End-systolic pressure volume relationship (ESPVR) describes the maximal pressure that can be developed by the ventricle at any given LV volume. This implies that the PV loop cannot cross over the line defining ESPVR for any given contractile state.
Very useful information can be derived by examination and analysis of individual loops or series of loops, for example: the horizontal distance between the top-left corner and the bottom-right corner of each loop is the stroke volume [5] the line joining the top-left corner of several loops is the contractile or inotropic state. [6]
The minimum and maximum volumes (V max and V min) from each loop in the series of loops are plotted on a graph. V max and V min lines are extrapolated and at their point of intersection, where V max is equal to V min, must be zero—conductance is parallel conductance only. The volume at this point is the correction volume.
Flow-Volume loop showing successful FVC maneuver. Positive values represent expiration, negative values represent inspiration. At the start of the test both flow and volume are equal to zero (representing the volume in the spirometer rather than the lung). The trace moves clockwise for expiration followed by inspiration.
A Wiggers diagram illustrate events and details of the cardiac cycle with electrographic trace lines, which depict (vertical) changes in a parameter's value as time elapses left-to-right. [2] The ventricular "diastole", or relaxation, begins with "isovolumic relaxation", then proceeds through three sub-stages of inflow, namely: "rapid inflow ...
Venous return (VR) is the flow of blood back to the heart. Under steady-state conditions, venous return must equal cardiac output (Q), when averaged over time because the cardiovascular system is essentially a closed loop. Otherwise, blood would accumulate in either the systemic or pulmonary circulations.
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Since then it has been extensively used by many researchers to solve different kinds of fluid flow and heat transfer problems. [1] Many popular books on computational fluid dynamics discuss the SIMPLE algorithm in detail. [2] [3] A modified variant is the SIMPLER algorithm (SIMPLE Revised), that was introduced by Patankar in 1979. [4]