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Coin of Pescennius Niger, a Roman usurper who claimed imperial power AD 193–194. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG. While the imperial government of the Roman Empire was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars. [30]
The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, ... North Africa, and the Middle East. [50] The Latin phrase imperium sine fine ("empire without end" ...
Roman emperors had always held high religious offices; under Constantine there arose the specifically Christian idea that the emperor was God's chosen ruler on earth, a special protector and leader of the Christian Church, a position later termed Caesaropapism. In practice, an emperor's authority on Church matters was frequently subject to ...
By 258, the Roman Empire broke up into three competing states. The Roman provinces of Gaul, Britain and Hispania broke off to form the Gallic Empire and, two years later in 260, the eastern provinces of Syria, Palestine and Aegyptus became independent as the Palmyrene Empire, leaving the remaining Italian-centred Roman Empire-proper in the middle.
The Holy Roman Empire, [e] also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. [16] It developed in the Early Middle Ages , and lasted for a millennium until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars .
Byzantine Empire acquires silk technology from China. Chen dynasty from China invents matches in 577. Silk is a protected palace industry in the Byzantine Empire. Vaghbata, Indian medical books. In 589 AD, the Chinese scholar-official Yan Zhitui makes the first reference to the use of toilet paper in history. [4]
The Historia Augusta is a collective biography, partly fictionalized, of Roman emperors and usurpers of the second and third centuries. In the ninth century, Einhard modelled himself on Suetonius in writing the Life of Charlemagne , even borrowing phrases from Suetonius' physical description of Augustus in his own description of the character ...
In 480, the last Western Roman emperor, Julius Nepos, was murdered and a Roman general of barbarian origin, Odoacer, declared allegiance to Eastern Roman emperor Zeno. [56] Despite owing nominal allegiance to Constantinople, Odoacer and later the Ostrogoths continued, like the last emperors, to rule Italy as a virtually independent realm from ...