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IL-15 was discovered in 1994 by two different laboratories, and characterized as T cell growth factor. [5] Together with Interleukin-2 (), Interleukin-4 (), Interleukin-7 (), Interleukin-9 (), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (), IL-15 belongs to the four α-helix bundle family of cytokines.
The four-α-helix bundle family (InterPro: IPR009079): member cytokines have three-dimensional structures with a bundle of four α-helices. This family, in turn, is divided into three sub-families: the IL-2 subfamily. This is the largest family. It contains several non-immunological cytokines including erythropoietin (EPO) and thrombopoietin ...
Flt3 ligand (FL) is a hematopoietic four helical bundle cytokine. It is structurally homologous to stem cell factor (SCF) and colony stimulating factor 1 . In synergy with other growth factors, Flt3 ligand stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of various blood cell progenitors.
IL5 has a similar overall fold to other cytokines (e.g., IL2, IL4 and GCSF), [18] but while these exist as monomeric structures, IL5 is a homodimer. The fold contains an anti-parallel 4-alpha-helix bundle with a left handed twist, connected by a 2-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet.
IL-2 is a member of a specific family of cytokines, each member of which has a four alpha helix bundle; this cytokine family also includes IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21. IL-2 signals through a IL-2 receptor, a complex consisting of three chains, termed alpha , beta and gamma . The gamma chain is common to all family members. [6]
IL12 is a heterodimeric cytokine encoded by two separate genes, IL-12A (p35) and IL-12B (p40). The active heterodimer (referred to as 'p70'), and a homodimer of p40 are formed following protein synthesis. IL12A is composed of a bundle of four alpha helices. IL12B has three beta sheet domains.
Three-helix bundles are among the smallest and fastest known cooperatively folding structural domains. [1] The three-helix bundle in the villin headpiece domain is only 36 amino acids long and is a common subject of study in molecular dynamics simulations because its microsecond-scale folding time is within the timescales accessible to simulation.
IL-30 is a protein from the IL-6 cytokine family with molecular weight of 28 kilodaltons (thus the name IL27-p28). It is a member of the long-chain, 4-helix bundle family of cytokines, making it structurally similar to IL-6. [5] The human gene for IL-30 is located on chromosome 16p11. [5]
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