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To understand how high levels of thyroxine can be toxic and lead to thyrotoxic myopathy physiologically, consider basic neuromuscular junction function. Under normal circumstances, muscle contraction occurs when electrical impulses travel down descending axons from the brain or spinal cord towards the neuromuscular junction .
Levothyroxine has a half-life of 7.5 days when taken daily, so about six weeks is required for it to reach a steady level in the blood. [5] Side effects from excessive doses include weight loss, trouble tolerating heat, sweating, anxiety, trouble sleeping, tremor, and fast heart rate. [5]
Thyroid disease is a medical condition that affects the function of the thyroid gland.The thyroid gland is located at the front of the neck and produces thyroid hormones [1] that travel through the blood to help regulate many other organs, meaning that it is an endocrine organ.
Signs and symptoms vary between people and may include irritability, muscle weakness, sleeping problems, a fast heartbeat, heat intolerance, diarrhea, enlargement of the thyroid, hand tremor, and weight loss. [1] Symptoms are typically less severe in the elderly and during pregnancy. [1]
Graves' disease data has shown that the lifetime risk for women is around 3% and 0.5% for men. [39] It occurs about 7.5 times more often in women than in men [1] and often starts between the ages of 40 and 60. [6] It is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States (about 50 to 80% of cases). [1] [4]
The effects of excess thyroid hormone typically respond to the administration of a non-selective beta blocker, such as propranolol (as most of the symptoms are driven by increased levels of adrenaline and its effect on the β-adrenergic receptors). Subsequent attacks may be prevented by avoiding known precipitants, such as high salt or ...
But sundowning has some unique signs that make it stand out from just being tired. “Fatigue can occur at all times of the day. Sundowning is truly confusion,” Dr. Kobylarz says.
It has been shown that the prevalence of positive tests for thyroid antibodies increases with age, "with a frequency as high as 33 percent in women 70 years old or older." [ 27 ] Hashimoto's thyroiditis can occur at any age, including children, [ 120 ] but more commonly appears in middle age , particularly for men. [ 124 ]
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