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Diagram of a structure featuring plastic hinges. In the structural engineering beam theory, plastic hinge is the deformation of a section of a beam where plastic bending occurs. [1] In earthquake engineering plastic hinge is also a type of energy damping device allowing plastic rotation [deformation] of an otherwise rigid column connection. [2]
In reinforced concrete structures, the damage state variable quantifies the crack density in the plastic hinge zone; [1] in unreinforced concrete components and steel beams, it is a dimensionless measure of the crack surface; [2] in tubular steel elements, the damage variable measures the degree of local buckling [3] The LDM evolution laws can ...
Plastic Bending Stress Distribution. Plastic bending [1] is a nonlinear behavior particular to members made of ductile materials that frequently achieve much greater ultimate bending strength than indicated by a linear elastic bending analysis. In both the plastic and elastic bending analyses of a straight beam, it is assumed that the strain ...
A concrete spacer with a plastic clip in use Concrete spacers in a precast element Diaphragm wall block on rebar for a Diaphragm wall A rebar spacer is a short, rod-like device used to secure reinforcing steel bars, or rebar , within cast assemblies for reinforced concrete structures.
Concrete hinges are hinges produced out of concrete, with little or no steel in the hinge neck, which allows a rotation without a significant bending moment. [1] The high rotations [2] [3] result from controlled tensile cracks as well as creep. [4] [3] [1] Concrete hinges are mostly used in bridge engineering [1] as monolithic, simple, economic ...
In this case, concrete base material might be undamaged. Pull-out: the anchor is pulled out from the drilled hole partially damaging the surrounding concrete. When the concrete is damaged the failure is also indicated as pull-through. Concrete cone: after reaching the load-bearing capacity a cone shape is formed.
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The step blocks were also used in other parts of the structures. The pieces all tend to be fairly durable except for the columns, which tend to have sides broken off with many years of use. The roofing and floor bases were basic thin plastic sheets with a checker board motif in white and brown to one side and blank white on the other.