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The expected return (or expected gain) on a financial investment is the expected value of its return (of the profit on the investment). It is a measure of the center of the distribution of the random variable that is the return. [1] It is calculated by using the following formula: [] = = where
In other words, earnings yield would be a correct estimate of expected return for a stock that always sells at its book value; in that case, the expected return would also equal the company's ROE. Consider the case of a company that pays the portion of earnings not required to finance growth, or put another way, growth equals the reinvestment ...
The Formula to Calculate Return on Investment (ROI) Return on investment is the ratio of the purchase price to the difference between the purchase price and the selling price. Even though it is a ...
Return on investment (ROI) or return on costs (ROC) is the ratio between net income (over a period) and investment (costs resulting from an investment of some resources at a point in time). A high ROI means the investment's gains compare favourably to its cost.
The consumption-based capital asset pricing model (CCAPM) is a model of the determination of expected (i.e. required) return on an investment. [1] The foundations of this concept were laid by the research of Robert Lucas (1978) and Douglas Breeden (1979). [2] The model is a generalization of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). While the ...
Return on Time Invested (ROTI) is a metric employed to assess the productivity and efficiency of time spent on a specific activity, project, or product. The concept is similar to return on investment (ROI), but instead of financial capital , ROTI measures the qualitative and quantitative outcomes derived from the time invested.
Grinold, Kroner, and Siegel (2011) estimated the inputs to the Grinold and Kroner model and arrived at a then-current equity risk premium estimate between 3.5% and 4%. [2] The equity risk premium is the difference between the expected total return on a capitalization-weighted stock market index and the yield on a riskless government bond (in ...
The simple Dietz method [1] is a means of measuring historical investment portfolio performance, compensating for external flows into/out of the portfolio during the period. [2] The formula for the simple Dietz return is as follows: = + / where is the portfolio rate of return,