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In structural geology, a fold is a stack of originally planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, that are bent or curved ("folded") during permanent deformation. Folds in rocks vary in size from microscopic crinkles to mountain-sized folds. They occur as single isolated folds or in periodic sets (known as fold trains).
basic structure of a fold Fig.1: 3D fold growth under compressional stress. Yellow, orange and red color represents elevation, in which lighter color refers to higher elevation. In geology, 3D fold evolution is the study of the full three dimensional structure of a fold as it changes in time.
Chevron folding preferentially occurs when the bedding regularly alternates between contrasting competences. [1] Turbidites, characterized by alternating high-competence sandstones and low-competence shales, provide the typical geological setting for chevron folds to occur. Perpetuation of the fold structure is not geometrically limited.
English: An idealized thrust fault with a fault-propagation fold. Diagram to clearify terminology in structural geology. Diagram to clearify terminology in structural geology. Sources for this diagram:
Possible modes of formation of monoclines. Monoclines may be formed in several different ways (see diagram) By differential compaction over an underlying structure, particularly a large fault at the edge of a basin due to the greater compactibility of the basin fill, the amplitude of the fold will die out gradually upwards.
English: An idealised thrust fault with fault-bent folding. Diagram to clearify terminology in structural geology. Diagram to clearify terminology in structural geology. Sources for this figure:
On a geologic map, synclines are recognized as a sequence of rock layers, with the youngest at the fold's center or hinge and with a reverse sequence of the same rock layers on the opposite side of the hinge. If the fold pattern is circular or elongate, the structure is a basin.
In a fold-thrust belt, the décollement is the lowest detachment [1] (see Fig 1.) and forms in the foreland basin of a subduction zone. [1] A fold-thrust belt may contain other detachments above the décollement—an imbricate fan of thrust faults and duplexes as well as other detachment horizons. In compressional settings, the layer directly ...
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