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If the set is a sample from the whole population, then the unbiased sample variance can be calculated as 1017.538 that is the sum of the squared deviations about the mean of the sample, divided by 11 instead of 12. A function VAR.S in Microsoft Excel gives the unbiased sample variance while VAR.P is for population variance.
About 68% of values drawn from a normal distribution are within one standard deviation σ from the mean; about 95% of the values lie within two standard deviations; and about 99.7% are within three standard deviations. [8] This fact is known as the 68–95–99.7 (empirical) rule, or the 3-sigma rule.
¯ = sample mean of differences d 0 {\displaystyle d_{0}} = hypothesized population mean difference s d {\displaystyle s_{d}} = standard deviation of differences
The relation between the sigma, zeta, and ℘ functions is analogous to that between the sine, cotangent, and squared cosecant functions: the logarithmic derivative of the sine is the cotangent, whose derivative is negative the squared cosecant.
Squared deviations from the mean (SDM) result from squaring deviations. In probability theory and statistics , the definition of variance is either the expected value of the SDM (when considering a theoretical distribution ) or its average value (for actual experimental data).
In the empirical sciences, the so-called three-sigma rule of thumb (or 3 σ rule) expresses a conventional heuristic that nearly all values are taken to lie within three standard deviations of the mean, and thus it is empirically useful to treat 99.7% probability as near certainty.
Taking square roots reintroduces bias (because the square root is a nonlinear function which does not commute with the expectation, i.e. often [] []), yielding the corrected sample standard deviation, denoted by s: = = (¯).
3. Between two groups, may mean that the first one is a proper subgroup of the second one. > (greater-than sign) 1. Strict inequality between two numbers; means and is read as "greater than". 2. Commonly used for denoting any strict order. 3. Between two groups, may mean that the second one is a proper subgroup of the first one. ≤ 1.