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If a pop operation on the stack causes the stack pointer to move past the origin of the stack, a stack underflow occurs. If a push operation causes the stack pointer to increment or decrement beyond the maximum extent of the stack, a stack overflow occurs. Some environments that rely heavily on stacks may provide additional operations, for example:
A push operation decrements the pointer and copies the data to the stack; a pop operation copies data from the stack and then increments the pointer. Each procedure called in the program stores procedure return information (in yellow) and local data (in other colors) by pushing them onto the stack.
With a stack stored completely in RAM, this does implicit writes and reads of the in-memory stack: Load X, push to memory; Load 1, push to memory; Pop 2 values from memory, add, and push result to memory; for a total of 5 data cache references. The next step up from this is a stack machine or interpreter with a single top-of-stack register.
Input: 3 + 4 Push 3 to the output queue (whenever a number is read it is pushed to the output); Push + (or its ID) onto the operator stack; Push 4 to the output queue; After reading the expression, pop the operators off the stack and add them to the output.
The operating stack where current running instructions push/pop to. refer to STACK DEFINITION; Namespace instance Data structure that holds the references to variable containers, also proving the interface for Namespace Levels. refer to NAMESPACE DEFINITION; Argument stack Arguments to function calls are pushed on to this stack, flushed on call.
Pentium M was the first x86 processor to introduce a stack engine. In its implementation, the stack pointer is split among two registers: ESP O, which is a 32-bit register, and ESP d, an 8-bit delta value that is updated directly by stack operations. PUSH, POP, CALL and RET opcodes operate directly with the ESP d register.
When shadow stacks are enabled, return addresses are pushed on both the regular stack and the shadow stack when a function call is made. They are then both popped on return from the function call – if they do not match, then the stack is assumed to be corrupted, and a #CP exception is issued.
Commonly provided are dup, to duplicate the element atop the stack, exch (or swap), to exchange elements atop the stack (the first becomes second and the second becomes first), roll, to cyclically permute elements in the stack or on part of the stack, pop (or drop), to discard the element atop the stack (push is implicit), and others. These ...