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  2. Earth Gravitational Model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Gravitational_Model

    GeographicLib provides a utility GeoidEval (with source code) to evaluate the geoid height for the EGM84, EGM96, and EGM2008 Earth gravity models. Here is an online version of GeoidEval . The Tracker Component Library from the United States Naval Research Laboratory is a free Matlab library with a number of gravitational synthesis routines.

  3. Geoid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid

    The above equation describes the Earth's gravitational potential, not the geoid itself, at location ,,, the co-ordinate being the geocentric radius, i.e., distance from the Earth's centre. The geoid is a particular equipotential surface, [27] and is somewhat involved to compute. The gradient of this potential also provides a model of the ...

  4. Geodetic Reference System 1980 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic_Reference_System_1980

    The geometrical separation between it and the reference ellipsoid is called the geoidal undulation, or more usually the geoid-ellipsoid separation, N. It varies globally between ±110 m. A reference ellipsoid, customarily chosen to be the same size (volume) as the geoid, is described by its semi-major axis (equatorial radius) a and flattening f.

  5. World Geodetic System - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Geodetic_System

    The World Geodetic System (WGS) is a standard used in cartography, geodesy, and satellite navigation including GPS.The current version, WGS 84, defines an Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system and a geodetic datum, and also describes the associated Earth Gravitational Model (EGM) and World Magnetic Model (WMM).

  6. Geopotential spherical harmonic model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopotential_spherical...

    If Earth's shape were perfectly known together with the exact mass density ρ = ρ(x, y, z), it could be integrated numerically (when combined with a reciprocal distance kernel) to find an accurate model for Earth's gravitational field. However, the situation is in fact the opposite: by observing the orbits of spacecraft and the Moon, Earth's ...

  7. Physical geodesy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geodesy

    Due to the irregularity of the Earth's true gravity field, the equilibrium figure of sea water, or the geoid, will also be of irregular form. In some places, like west of Ireland , the geoid—mathematical mean sea level—sticks out as much as 100 m above the regular, rotationally symmetric reference ellipsoid of GRS80; in other places, like ...

  8. Satellite geodesy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_geodesy

    Determination of the figure of the Earth, positioning, and navigation (geometric satellite geodesy) [1]: 3 Determination of geoid, Earth's gravity field and its temporal variations (dynamical satellite geodesy [2] or satellite physical geodesy) Measurement of geodynamical phenomena, such as crustal dynamics and polar motion [1]: 4 [1]: 1

  9. Figure of the Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_of_the_Earth

    The simplest model for the shape of the entire Earth is a sphere. The Earth's radius is the distance from Earth's center to its surface, about 6,371 km (3,959 mi). While "radius" normally is a characteristic of perfect spheres, the Earth deviates from spherical by only a third of a percent, sufficiently close to treat it as a sphere in many ...

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