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Roman-era mythographers eventually equated the Etruscan god Aita [6] and the Roman gods Dis Pater and Orcus with Hades and merged all these figures into Pluto, a Latinisation of Plouton (Ancient Greek: Πλούτων, romanized: Ploútōn), [7] itself a euphemistic title (meaning "the rich one") often given to Hades.
Dis Pater (/ ˌ d ɪ s ˈ p eɪ t ər /; Latin: [diːs patɛr]; genitive Ditis Patris), otherwise known as Rex Infernus or Pluto, is a Roman god of the underworld. Dis was originally associated with fertile agricultural land and mineral wealth, and since those minerals came from underground, he was later equated with the chthonic deities Pluto ...
In Hesiod's Works and Days, Limos is presented as the antithesis of Demeter (the goddess of grain). [6] According to Hesiod, in contrast to Demeter, who loves the hard-working man, filling his "granary with the means of life", Limos hates him, and "is ever the companion of a man who does not work". [7]
A Roman wall painting showing the Egyptian goddess Isis (seated right) welcoming the Greek heroine Io to Egypt. Interpretatio graeca (Latin for 'Greek translation'), or "interpretation by means of Greek [models]", refers to the tendency of the ancient Greeks to identify foreign deities with their own gods.
Orpheus was one of the handful of Greek heroes [25] to visit the underworld and return; his music and song had power even over Hades. The earliest known reference to this descent to the underworld is the painting by Polygnotus (5th century BC) described by Pausanias (2nd century AD), where no mention is made of Eurydice.
The Cambridge ritualist A.B. Cook saw the bident as an implement that might be wielded by Jupiter, the chief god of the Roman pantheon, in relation to Roman bidental ritual, the consecration of a place struck by lightning by means of a sacrificial sheep, called a bidens because it was of an age to have two teeth. [16]
As a lord of abundance or riches, Pluto expresses the aspect of the underworld god that was positive, symbolized in art by the "horn of plenty" , [13] by means of which Plouton is distinguished from the gloomier Hades. [14] The Roman poet Ennius (ca. 239–169 BC), the leading figure in the Hellenization of Latin literature, considered Pluto a ...
The god of darkness and shadow, as well as the void that existed between Earth and the Underworld. Eros: Ἔρως (Érōs) The god of love and attraction. Gaia: Γαῖα (Gaîa) Personification of the Earth (Mother Earth); mother of the Titans. Hemera: Ἡμέρα (Hēméra) The personification of the day. Nyx: Νύξ (Núx)