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For example, in higher mammals the play of the young is an important element of psychic development and social integration. Therefore this activity has teleonomic value, inasmuch as it furthers the cohesion of the group, a condition for its survival and for the expansion of the species.
Teleology, from Greek τέλος, telos "end, purpose" [3] and -λογία, logia, "a branch of learning", was coined by the philosopher Christian von Wolff in 1728. [4] The concept derives from the ancient Greek philosophy of Aristotle, where the final cause (the purpose) of a thing is its function. [5]
A simple cladogram showing the evolutionary relationships between four species: A, B, C, and D. Here, Species A is the outgroup, and Species B, C, and D form the ingroup. In cladistics or phylogenetics, an outgroup [1] is a more distantly related group of organisms that serves as a reference group when determining the evolutionary relationships of the ingroup, the set of organisms under study ...
[11] [12] Microbes have two main strategies in which they try to avoid the immune system, either by masking lipid A or directing their LPS towards an immunomodulatory receptor. [11] Peptidoglycan (PG) is also found within the membrane walls of gram-negative bacteria [13] and is recognized by TLR2, which is usually in a heterodimer of with TLR1 ...
In bacteria, the coding regions typically take up 88% of the genome. [1] The remaining 12% does not encode proteins, but much of it still has biological function through genes where the RNA transcript is functional (non-coding genes) and regulatory sequences, which means that almost all of the bacterial genome has a function. [1]
Biological specimens in an elementary school science lab.. A biological specimen (also called a biospecimen) is a biological laboratory specimen held by a biorepository for research.
The informative abstract, also known as the complete abstract, is a compendious summary of a paper's substance and its background, purpose, methodology, results, and conclusion. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Usually between 100 and 200 words, the informative abstract summarizes the paper's structure, its major topics and key points. [ 23 ]
In biology, the question of the individual is related to the definition of an organism, which is an important question in biology and the philosophy of biology, despite there having been little work devoted explicitly to this question. [3] An individual organism is not the only kind of individual that is considered as a "unit of selection". [3]