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  2. Portolan chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolan_chart

    The principal lines are oriented to the magnetic north pole. [12] Thus the grid lines varied slightly for charts produced in different eras, due to the natural changes of the Earth's magnetic declination. [12] These lines are similar to the compass rose displayed on later maps and charts. "All portolan charts have wind roses, though not ...

  3. Graticule (cartography) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graticule_(cartography)

    Map of Europe with a 30° graticule in dark gray. A graticule (from Latin crāticula 'grill/grating'), on a map, is a graphical depiction of a coordinate system as a grid of lines, each line representing a constant coordinate value. [1] It is thus a form of isoline, and is commonly found on maps of many kinds, at scales from local to global.

  4. Projected coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projected_coordinate_system

    A typical map with grid lines. The Ordnance Survey National Grid (United Kingdom) and other national grid systems use similar approaches. In Ordnance Survey maps, each Easting and Northing grid line is given a two-digit code, based on the British national grid reference system with an origin point just off the southwest coast of the United ...

  5. Public Land Survey System - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Land_Survey_System

    More specifically, all north–south running lines (all range lines and half of all section lines), as with the prime meridian, are always established with reference to true, geodetic north. But it is a physical impossibility to meet this condition and still maintain a rectangular land grid, because such lines converge on the north pole.

  6. Terrain cartography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrain_cartography

    The Tanaka (relief) contours technique is a method used to illuminate contour lines in order to help visualize terrain. Lines are highlighted or shaded depending on their relationship to a light source in the Northwest. If the object being illustrated would shadow a section of contour line, that contour would be represented with a black band.

  7. United States Geological Survey - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological...

    Each of these maps covers an area bounded by two lines of latitude and two lines of longitude spaced 7.5 minutes apart. Nearly 57,000 individual maps in this series cover the 48 contiguous states, Hawaii, U.S. territories, and areas of Alaska near Anchorage, Fairbanks, and Prudhoe Bay. The area covered by each map varies with the latitude of ...

  8. United States National Grid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Grid

    Recent editions of these maps (those referenced to the North American datum of 1983, or NAD83) are compatible with USNG, and current editions also contain a standard USNG information box in the collar which identifies the GZD(s) (Grid Zone Designator(s) and the 100 km Grid Square ID(s) covering the area of the particular map. USNG can now be ...

  9. Topography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topography

    A topographic map of Stowe, Vermont with contour lines This false-color satellite image illustrates topography of the urban core of the New York metropolitan area, with Manhattan at its center. Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces.