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A scenario is a set of related concepts pertinent to the origin of life (abiogenesis), such as the iron-sulfur world. Many alternative abiogenesis scenarios have been proposed by scientists in a variety of fields from the 1950s onwards in an attempt to explain how the complex mechanisms of life could have come into existence. These include ...
Life functions through the specialized chemistry of carbon and water, and builds largely upon four key families of chemicals: lipids for cell membranes, carbohydrates such as sugars, amino acids for protein metabolism, and nucleic acid DNA and RNA for the mechanisms of heredity. Any successful theory of abiogenesis must explain the origins and ...
Certain rocks and minerals [24] Graphene, which can be made auxetic through the introduction of vacancy defects [25] [26] Carbon diamond-like phases [27] Two-dimensional tungsten semicarbide [28] Noncarbon nanotubes [29] [30] Living bone tissue (although this is only suspected) [24] Tendons within their normal range of motion. [31]
The two mouse ROCK isoforms, ROCK1 and ROCK2, have high homology.They have 65% amino acid sequences in common and 92% homology within their kinase domains. [1] [4]ROCKs are homologous to other metazoan kinases such as myotonic dystrophy kinase (), DMPK-related cell division control protein 42 ()-binding kinases (MRCK) and citron kinase.
Homing endonuclease recognition sequences are long enough to occur randomly only with a very low probability (approximately once every 7 × 10 9 bp), [2] and are normally found in one or very few instances per genome. Generally, owing to the homing mechanism, the gene encoding the endonuclease (the HEG, "homing endonuclease gene") is located ...
The dynamics of the elementary hypercycle can be modelled using the following differential equation: [3] ˙ = (+,) where =, =. In the equation above, x i is the concentration of template I i; x is the total concentration of all templates; k i is the excess production rate of template I i, which is a difference between formation f i by self-replication of the template and its degradation d i ...
Cells have developed several types of junctional complexes to serve these functions, and in each case, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells as well as to proteins in the extracellular matrix.
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is a crucial cellular structure with a diameter of approximately 120 nanometers in vertebrates. Its channel varies from 5.2 nanometers in humans [14] to 10.7 nm in the frog Xenopus laevis, with a depth of roughly 45 nm. [15]