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Archaic form of Phi. Phi (/ f aɪ /; [1] uppercase Φ, lowercase φ or ϕ; Ancient Greek: ϕεῖ pheî; Modern Greek: φι fi) is the twenty-first letter of the Greek alphabet.. In Archaic and Classical Greek (c. 9th to 4th century BC), it represented an aspirated voiceless bilabial plosive ([pʰ]), which was the origin of its usual romanization as ph .
The Greek alphabet was the model for various others: [8] Most of the Iron Age alphabets of Asia Minor were adopted around the same time, as the early Greek alphabet was adopted from the Phoenician. The Lydian and Carian alphabets are generally believed to derive from the Greek alphabet, although it is not clear which variant is the direct ancestor.
The OpenType font format has the feature tag "mgrk" ("Mathematical Greek") to identify a glyph as representing a Greek letter to be used in mathematical (as opposed to Greek language) contexts. The table below shows a comparison of Greek letters rendered in TeX and HTML. The font used in the TeX rendering is an italic style.
This is a list of letters of the Greek alphabet. The definition of a Greek letter for this list is a character encoded in the Unicode standard that a has script property of "Greek" and the general category of "Letter". An overview of the distribution of Greek letters is given in Greek script in Unicode.
Many of the letters familiar from the classical Greek alphabet displayed additional variation in shapes, with some of the variant forms being characteristic of specific local alphabets. The form of Ζ generally had a straight stem in all local alphabets in the archaic period. Θ was mostly crossed (or ).
The glyph used is a non-standard majuscule version of the Greek letter nu (), written as . Presumably the name vega was adopted because the Greek letter nu looked like a Latin vee , and vega was derived from vee by analogy with how beta , eta , and theta are pronounced in American English.
By 1910, inventor Mark Barr began using the Greek letter phi ( ) as a symbol for the golden ratio. [32] [e] It has also been represented by tau ( ), the first letter of the ancient Greek τομή ('cut' or 'section'). [35] Dan Shechtman demonstrates quasicrystals at the NIST in 1985 using a Zometoy model.
It is written using the Greek letter phi as () or (), and may also be called Euler's phi function. In other words, it is the number of integers k in the range 1 ≤ k ≤ n for which the greatest common divisor gcd( n , k ) is equal to 1.