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Cryptorchidism, or "undescended testicles", is when the testicle does not descend into the scrotum of an infant boy. [ 30 ] Testicular enlargement is an unspecific sign of various testicular diseases, and can be defined as a testicular size of more than 5 cm ( long axis ) × 3 cm (short axis).
Testicular Immunology is the study of the immune system within the testis.It includes an investigation of the effects of infection, inflammation and immune factors on testicular function.
Particularly among men over age 35 in whom the cause is E. coli, epididymitis is commonly due to urinary tract obstruction. [3] [8] Less common microbes include Ureaplasma, Mycobacterium, and cytomegalovirus, or Cryptococcus in patients with HIV infection. E. coli is more common in boys before puberty, the elderly, and men who have sex with men ...
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a condition involving the inability to respond to androgens, typically due to androgen receptor dysfunction. [1]It affects 1 in 20,000 to 64,000 XY (karyotypically male) births.
Mild androgen insensitivity syndrome (MAIS) is a condition that results in a mild impairment of the cell's ability to respond to androgens. [1] [2] [3] The degree of impairment is sufficient to impair spermatogenesis and / or the development of secondary sexual characteristics at puberty in males, but does not affect genital differentiation or development.
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) is an AIS condition that results in the complete inability of the cell to respond to androgens. [1] [2] [3] As such, the insensitivity to androgens is only clinically significant when it occurs in individuals who are exposed to significant amounts of testosterone at some point in their lives. [1]
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and androgen in males. [3] In humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testicles and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair.
As the testicles are involved in testosterone and sperm production, the signs and symptoms of testicular atrophy overlap with those related to infertility or low testosterone levels. [1] In a prepubescent person with testicular atrophy, there may be underdevelopment of secondary sex characteristics (e.g. lack of penis growth). [2]