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The plant is poisonous, containing cardiostimulant compounds such as adonidin and aconitic acid. [42] Aesculus hippocastanum: horse-chestnut, buckeye, conker tree Sapindaceae: All parts of the raw plant are poisonous due to saponins and glycosides such as aesculin, causing nausea, muscle twitches, and sometimes paralysis. [43] Agave spp.
All parts of the plant contain Cycasin and an unknown nervous system toxin which are poisonous to animals, including humans. The seeds are poisonous enough to kill small mammals such as dogs and cats, and cause liver and kidney failure, as well as eventual paralysis in humans. Dehydration sets in very quickly.
Sheep seem to be poisoned most often due to their grazing behavior as they pull up and consume the entire plant. [2] Moist conditions are more conducive to cattle poisoning as it makes it easier to extract the plant from the soil. [2] Humans have also fallen victim to zygacine poisoning by mistaking the death camas for other edible plants.
Dogbane, dog-bane, dog's bane, [citation needed] and other variations, some of them regional and some transient, are names for certain plants that are reputed to kill or repel dogs; "bane" originally meant "slayer", and was later applied to plants to indicate that they were poisonous to particular creatures. [citation needed]
The term is also used to describe toxic chemicals produced by plants themselves, which function as defensive agents against their predators. Most examples pertaining to this definition of phytotoxin are members of various classes of specialised or secondary metabolites , including alkaloids , terpenes , and especially phenolics , though not all ...
[15] [16] However, the average, healthy adult can withstand some of the toxin of the plant without having any symptoms. It is more dangerous and can be lethal for small kids and animals. Phoratoxin is hemolytic and causes cell leakage and cell lysis by interacting with the phospholipids. [8] This is used in a study for cancer treatment.
Animals can also be poisoned if the toxic plant material is in pellets, or harvested with grain. [ 1 ] [ 7 ] Echites umbellatus , belonging to the dogbane family Apocynaceae and having the English common name Devil's potato , has recently been found to contain lycopsamine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
Echium plantagineum is a winter annual plant growing to 20–60 cm tall, with rough, hairy, lanceolate leaves up to 14 cm long. The flowers are purple, 15–20 mm long, with all the stamens protruding, and borne on a branched spike.