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In statistics, a proxy or proxy variable is a variable that is not in itself directly relevant, but that serves in place of an unobservable or immeasurable variable. [1] In order for a variable to be a good proxy, it must have a close correlation, not necessarily linear, with the variable of interest. This correlation might be either positive ...
A proxy statement is a statement required of a firm when soliciting shareholder votes. [1]: 10 This statement is filed in advance of the annual meeting.The firm needs to file a proxy statement, otherwise known as a Form DEF 14A (Definitive Proxy Statement), with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
A proxy firm (also a proxy advisor, proxy adviser, proxy voting agency, vote service provider or shareholder voting research provider or proxy voting advisory businesses (PVABs)) provides services to shareholders (in most cases an institutional investor of some type) to vote their shares at shareholder meetings of, usually, listed companies.
An instrumental variable need not be a cause of X; a proxy of such cause may also be used, if it satisfies conditions 1–5. [10] The exclusion restriction (condition 4) is redundant; it follows from conditions 2 and 3.
A list of 'effects' that have been noticed in the field of psychology. [clarification needed] Ambiguity effect;
According to the first approach, investor attention can be approximated with particular financial market-based measures.According to Gervais et al. (2001) [10] and Hou et al. (2009), [11] trading volume is a good proxy for investor sentiment.
A company's earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (commonly abbreviated EBITDA, [1] pronounced / ˈ iː b ɪ t d ɑː,-b ə-, ˈ ɛ-/ [2]) is a measure of a company's profitability of the operating business only, thus before any effects of indebtedness, state-mandated payments, and costs required to maintain its asset base.
Psychology was seen as unreliable to many of these economists as it was a new field, not regarded as sufficiently scientific. [9] Though a number of scholars expressed concern towards the positivism within economics, models of study dependent on psychological insights became rare. [9]