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Topsoil is composed of mineral particles and organic matter and usually extends to a depth of 5-10 inches (13–25 cm). Together these make a substrate capable of holding water and air which encourages biological activity.
On November 11, 1933, a very strong dust storm stripped topsoil from desiccated South Dakota farmlands in one of a series of severe dust storms that year. Beginning on May 9, 1934, a strong, two-day dust storm removed massive amounts of Great Plains topsoil in one of the worst such storms of the Dust Bowl. [21]
However, in the same time soil microbes contribute to carbon sequestration in the topsoil through the formation of stable humus. [151] In the aim to sequester more carbon in the soil for alleviating the greenhouse effect it would be more efficient in the long-term to stimulate humification than to decrease litter decomposition. [152]
Soils are the product of climate, organisms and topography, acting on parent (geologic) material over time. Thus the great diversity of geologic materials, geomorphic processes, climatic conditions, biotic assemblages and land surface ages in the United States is responsible for the presence of an enormous variety of mineral and organic soils.
USDA soil taxonomy (ST) developed by the United States Department of Agriculture and the National Cooperative Soil Survey provides an elaborate classification of soil types according to several parameters (most commonly their properties) and in several levels: Order, Suborder, Great Group, Subgroup, Family, and Series.
It is also used to describe a topsoil horizon that contains organic matter (humus type, [4] humus form, [5] or humus profile [6]). Humus has many nutrients that improve the health of soil, nitrogen being the most important. The ratio of carbon to nitrogen of humus commonly ranges between 8:1 and 15:1 with the median being about 12:1. [7]
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3579 S High St, Columbus, OH · Directions · (614) 409-0683