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Meta-analysis is a method of synthesis of quantitative data from multiple independent studies addressing a common research question. An important part of this method involves computing a combined effect size across all of the studies.
The aim of the PRISMA statement is to help authors improve the reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. [3] PRISMA has mainly focused on systematic reviews and meta-analysis of randomized trials, but it can also be used as a basis for reporting reviews of other types of research (e.g., diagnostic studies, observational studies).
Meta-analysis; Neuroimaging and other psychophysiological methods; Observational study, can be naturalistic (see natural experiment), participant or controlled. Program evaluation; Quasi-experiment; Self-report inventory; Survey, often with a random sample (see survey sampling) Twin study; Research designs vary according to the period(s) of ...
Research synthesis or evidence synthesis is the process of combining the results of multiple primary research studies aimed at testing the same conceptual hypothesis. It may be applied to either quantitative [1] or qualitative research. [2] Its general goals are to make the findings from multiple different studies more generalizable and ...
Meta-analyses have their own methodological problems and disputes, which leads to rejection of the meta-analytic method by researchers whose theory is challenged by meta-analysis. [117] Rosenthal proposed the "fail-safe number" (FSN) [54] to avoid the publication bias against null results. It is defined as follows: Suppose the null hypothesis ...
It is also known as "research on research" and "the science of science", as it uses research methods to study how research is done and find where improvements can be made. Metascience concerns itself with all fields of research and has been described as "a bird's eye view of science". [ 1 ]
Funnel plot of a meta-analysis of stereotype threat on girls' math scores showing asymmetry typical of publication bias. From Flore, P. C., & Wicherts, J. M. (2015) [17] There is extensive meta-research on publication bias in the biomedical field. Investigators following clinical trials from the submission of their protocols to ethics ...
A meta-regression can be classified in the same way—meta-regression and network meta-regression—depending on the number of distinct treatments in the regression analysis. Meta-analysis (and meta-regression) is often placed at the top of the evidence hierarchy provided that the analysis consists of individual participant data of randomized ...