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APA style (also known as APA format) is a writing style and format for academic documents such as scholarly journal articles and books. It is commonly used for citing sources within the field of behavioral and social sciences , including sociology, education, nursing, criminal justice, anthropology, and psychology.
A style guide, or style manual, is a set of standards for the writing and design of documents, either for general use or for a specific publication, organization or field. The implementation of a style guide provides uniformity in style and formatting within a document and across multiple documents.
For dimensionless ratios (i.e. those without accompanying units), place a colon between integers, or place to between numbers-as-words: favored by a 3:1 ratio or a three-to-one ratio, not a 3/1 ratio or a 3–1 ratio. The same style is used to express odds in sport, gambling, and other statistical predictions.
The Elements of Style (also called Strunk & White) is a style guide for formal grammar used in American English writing. The first publishing was written by William Strunk Jr. in 1918, and published by Harcourt in 1920, comprising eight "elementary rules of usage," ten "elementary principles of composition," "a few matters of form," a list of 49 "words and expressions commonly misused," and a ...
Among these books are: the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (and a concise version titled Concise Rules of APA Style), which is the official guide to APA style; [18] [19] the APA Dictionary of Psychology; [20] an eight-volume Encyclopedia of Psychology; [21] and many scholarly books on specific subjects such as ...
In the author–date method (Harvard referencing), [4] the in-text citation is placed in parentheses after the sentence or part thereof that the citation supports. The citation includes the author's name, year of publication, and page number(s) when a specific part of the source is referred to (Smith 2008, p. 1) or (Smith 2008:1).
A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles (Vols. 1–7). Heidelberg: C. Winter. Jespersen, Otto (1933). Essentials of English Grammar: 25th impression, 1987. London: Routledge. p. 400. ISBN 0-415-10440-8. Jonson, Ben (1756). "The English grammar: Made by Ben Jonson for the benefit of all strangers, out of his observation of the English ...
Ordinal indicators are sometimes written as superscripts (1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd, 4 th, rather than 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th), although many English-language style guides recommend against this use. [4] Romance languages use a similar convention, such as 1 er or 2 e in French, or 4ª and 4º in Galician and Italian, or 4.ª and 4.º in Portuguese and Spanish.