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Traction can also refer to the maximum tractive force between a body and a surface, as limited by available friction; when this is the case, traction is often expressed as the ratio of the maximum tractive force to the normal force and is termed the coefficient of traction (similar to coefficient of friction).
It is shown that for a passenger car, when the tractive force is about 40% of the maximum traction, the slip resistance is almost equal to the basic rolling resistance (hysteresis loss). But in case of a tractive force equal to 70% of the maximum traction, slip resistance becomes 10 times larger than the basic rolling resistance. [1]
The term tractive effort is often qualified as starting tractive effort, continuous tractive effort and maximum tractive effort.These terms apply to different operating conditions, but are related by common mechanical factors: input torque to the driving wheels, the wheel diameter, coefficient of friction (μ) between the driving wheels and supporting surface, and the weight applied to the ...
In GvK diagram, the x-axis is the vehicle velocity, and the y-axis is the dimensionless specific resistance.The same kind of vehicle may have multiple different operating velocities, with different corresponding specific resistances, consequently each kind of vehicle generally correspond to a whole region on the GvK diagram, but only the lower-edge of the region is plotted, since specific ...
The circle of forces, traction circle, friction circle, [1] or friction ellipse [2] [3] [4] is a useful way to think about the dynamic interaction between a vehicle's tire and the road surface. The diagram below shows the tire from above, so that the road surface lies in the xy - plane .
The tire model must produce realistic shear forces during braking, acceleration, cornering, and combinations, on a range of surface conditions. Many models are in use. Most are semi-empirical, such as the Pacejka Magic Formula model. Racing car games or simulators are also a form of vehicle dynamics simulation. In early versions many ...
On race cars, the brake balance is often part of the racing setup, and in formula car racing it is regularly adjusted during the course of an entire lap. [4] In some cases, the brake balance may be adjusted to match the traction (grip) of the vehicle during braking, which usually means distributing a greater braking force to the front (for ...
Drawbar pull is the difference between tractive effort available and tractive effort required to overcome resistance at a specified speed. Drawbar pull data for a vehicle is usually determined by measuring the amount of available tractive force using a dynamometer , and then combining that data with coastdown [ 1 ] data to obtain the available ...
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