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The gravity of Earth, denoted by g, is the net acceleration that is imparted to objects due to the combined effect of gravitation (from mass distribution within Earth) and the centrifugal force (from the Earth's rotation).
From this it follows that the average density of Earth is approximately 1.8 times the density of the mountain. [15] [18] [19] Hutton took a density of 2,500 kg·m −3 for Schiehallion, and announced that the density of the Earth was 1.8 times this, or 4,500 kg·m −3, [18] less than 20% away from the modern value of 5,515 kg·m −3. [20]
The publication of the law has become known as the "first great unification", as it marked the unification of the previously described phenomena of gravity on Earth with known astronomical behaviors. [1] [2] [3] This is a general physical law derived from empirical observations by what Isaac Newton called inductive reasoning. [4]
The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) was a joint mission of NASA and the German Aerospace Center (DLR). Twin satellites took detailed measurements of Earth's gravity field anomalies from its launch in March 2002 to the end of its science mission in October 2017.
Then, since R earth was known, ρ earth played the role of an inverse gravitational constant. The density of the Earth was hence a much sought-after quantity at the time, and there had been earlier attempts to measure it, such as the Schiehallion experiment in 1774.
Simplistic estimate of force of sunlight on Earth [29] 10 9 N giganewton (GN) 10 20 N 200 EN Gravitational attraction between Earth and Moon [30] 10 22 N 35 ZN Gravitational attraction between Earth and Sun [31] 10 29 N ≈450 RN Gravitational attraction between our Galaxy and Andromeda Galaxy [32] 10 44 N 1.2 × 10 14 QN: Planck force
In special relativity, parallel geodesics remain parallel. In a gravitational field with tidal effects, this will not, in general, be the case. If, for example, two bodies are initially at rest relative to each other, but are then dropped in the Earth's gravitational field, they will move towards each other as they fall towards the Earth's center.
At a fixed point on the surface, the magnitude of Earth's gravity results from combined effect of gravitation and the centrifugal force from Earth's rotation. [2] [3] At different points on Earth's surface, the free fall acceleration ranges from 9.764 to 9.834 m/s 2 (32.03 to 32.26 ft/s 2), [4] depending on altitude, latitude, and longitude.
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